地质力学学报

Deformation characteristics and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar geochronology of the Shili ductile shear zone at the northwestern margin of the Yunkai Block

GUO Shangyu, WU Xiangke, ZHAO Bing, LI Dan

Objective The Yunkai Massif is one of the Precambrian metamorphic crystalline basements within the South China Block. To better understand the Indosinian deformation characteristics in the Yunkai area, the Shili ductile shear zone at the northwestern margin of the Yunkai Massif was selected for this study. Methods Through detailed field investigations, finite strain measurements, kinematic vorticity analyses, and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar geochronology, the structural characteristics and evolutionary process of the shear zone were constrained. Results The Shili ductile shear zone generally strikes WNW–ESE with NNE-directed thrusting. It has undergone four phases of deformation. Among which, the D2 to D4 deformations all indicate movement from SSW to NNE. D2 to D4 formed under a unified tectonic stress field, reflecting an evolution from ductile shear through brittle-ductile deformation to folding during the Late Triassic. Mylonites formed synchronously with the ductile shear deformation yield a muscovite ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar plateau age of 232 ± 2.3 Ma (MSWD = 3.65). The Flinn index (K) is 0.06–0.77, the Lode parameter (ν) is 0.13–0.89, the Effective strain (E_s) is 0.41–0.51, and the kinematic vorticity value (W_k) is 0.70–0.78. These parameters indicate a flattening-type strain regime dominated by general shear, with comparable contributions of pure shear and simple shear. The dynamic recrystallization of minerals suggests that the deformation environment reached the upper greenschist facies. Conclusions This study indicates that the mylonitization, crenulation cleavage development, and folding within the Shili ductile shear zone were dynamically driven by the propagation of far-field stress resulting from the NE–SW collision between the Indochina and South China blocks during the Indosinian period. Significance These findings provide critical constraints on the Indosinian tectono-thermal event and its geodynamic framework in South China.

Tectonic stress field characteristics in Wushi, Xinjiang, and the stress impact of the M 7.1 Wushi earthquake

SONG Zeyao, WAN Yongge, GU Peiyuan, ZHOU Mingyue

Objective The Wushi region in Xinjiang is located at the intersection of multiple tectonic units, characterized by frequent tectonic activity, making it a critical region for stress concentration and release. On January 23, 2024, an M 7.1 earthquake struck Wushi (epicenter: 41.26°N, 78.63°E; depth: 22 km), representing the largest event in this area over the past decade. To better understand the regional seismogenic environment and assess future seismic hazards, this study utilizes comprehensive focal mechanism data to investigate the regional tectonic stress field and quantitatively evaluate the impact of the M 7.1 Wushi earthquake on the stress regime. Methods Based on 148 focal mechanism solutions (January 1976 to March 2025) compiled from multiple domestic and international institutions, we applied the damped stress tensor inversion method to determine the stress field characteristics across subregions and systematically evaluate changes in the stress field before and after the earthquake. Results Stress tensor inversion reveals that the Wushi region is dominated by a compressional stress regime under N–S compression. Except for the area near the Jiashi earthquake cluster where R > 0.5, the azimuth of the maximum principal compressive stress (σ₁) gradually rotates from NNW in the south to approximately N–S in the north (azimuth range: 168.75°–183.45°; plunge range: 6.85°–19.58°). The Jiashi seismic cluster exhibits a strike-slip stress regime characterized by NNE–SSW compression and NWW–SEE extension, with thrust faulting dominating to its north and strike-slip faulting to its south. Comparative analysis shows that the optimal σ₁ direction adjusted from an azimuth/plunge of 178.91°/6.24° before the earthquake to 167.61°/7.98° after the earthquake, corresponding to an azimuth deviation of 12.53° and a total spatial rotation of 15.06°. This indicates that the mainshock exerted a relatively minor impact on the regional stress field, which remains under the dominant compressional regime. Conclusions The tectonic stress field in the Wushi region is driven by the northward collision of the Indian plate against Eurasia, which transmits near-N–S horizontal compression northeastward into the Tianshan orogenic belt, causing crustal shortening and thrusting between the Tarim Basin and the Tianshan Mountains. The M 7.1 earthquake caused only localized adjustments, leaving the overall regional stress regime controlled by deep-seated tectonic processes. Furthermore, the northern Jiashi earthquake cluster, located at the boundary between the northern Tarim plate and the Tianshan Mountains, exhibits a strike-slip stress mechanism, marking a major tectonic transition zone between the Tarim Basin and the Tianshan orogenic belt. Significance This study provides a refined characterization of the tectonic stress field in the Wushi region and clarifies the limited impact of the M 7.1 mainshock on regional stress states. These findings deepen our understanding of the tectonic interactions between the Tianshan orogenic belt and the Tarim Basin, providing critical scientific constraints for regional tectonic segmentation and seismic hazard assessment.

Remote sensing image characteristics and seismic hazard of the Baiganhu Fault on the south side of the central Altyn Tagh Fault

LIU Hanlin, CHEN Tao, YUAN Zhaode

Objective Accurately delineating the spatial distribution and geometric scale of active faults is essential for understanding crustal deformation and assessing regional seismic hazards. While the Altyn Tagh Fault (ATF) has been extensively studied, its adjacent secondary structures—such as the Baiganhu Fault—remain poorly constrained regarding their geometry, slip history, and seismic potential. This study aims to systematically characterize the offset geomorphology of the Baiganhu Fault, establish its segmentation, and evaluate its potential for generating large earthquakes, including multi-fault cascading ruptures with the ATF. Methods Using multi-source high-resolution satellite imagery and digital topographic data, we conducted detailed geomorphic mapping of the Baiganhu Fault. Displaced landforms (e.g., offset gullies, alluvial fans, pressure ridges, and sag ponds) were measured. We constrained displacement variations at individual measurement points using Gaussian cumulative probability density (COPD) distributions to interpret the displacement accumulation pattern and evaluate coseismic slip. Results The Baiganhu Fault extends for approximately 247 km along a general northeast–east (NEE) strike, displaying prominent left-lateral strike-slip geomorphic features. Based on fault geometry and deformation patterns, it is divided into western, central, and eastern segments. The central segment hosts a well-preserved ~50-km-long surface rupture zone with an average coseismic displacement of 4.8 m. Statistical analysis of 99 offset gullies yields an average horizontal offset of 4.3–4.8 m for the most recent event, corresponding to a moment magnitude of M_W 7.4±0.3. A full-segment rupture could generate an earthquake of M_W 7.8±0.3. Furthermore, the ~5-km-wide stepover separating the Baiganhu Fault from the main strand of the ATF is unlikely to act as a permanent barrier, making a cascading rupture mechanically plausible. Conclusions The Baiganhu Fault is a highly active left-lateral structure capable of generating M_W 7.4 events. Regional seismic hazard models must incorporate the scenario of cascading ruptures between the Baiganhu Fault and the Altyn Tagh Fault to avoid underestimating seismic risk to surrounding infrastructure. Significance This study provides critical quantitative constraints on the geometry, slip behavior, and seismic potential of a previously under-studied secondary structure within the ATF system. By highlighting the potential for multi-fault cascading ruptures, our findings underscore the need to update regional seismic hazard models, which is vital for risk mitigation and infrastructure safety in the region.

Tectonic evolution of the western Yangtze Block during the Ediacaran–Cambrian: evidence from detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology

SHI Zhiqiang, SUN Le, ZHANG Hong, PEI Jinyun, LI Wei

Objective The Yangtze Block was a crucial component of the Gondwana supercontinent. During the Ediacaran–Early Cambrian, its western margin underwent a marked transition from carbonate- to siliciclastic-dominated depositional environments. However, the tectonic dynamics and geotectonic setting governing this pronounced sedimentary facies shift remain poorly constrained. Thick Lower Cambrian terrigenous clastic rocks widely exposed along the western margin of the Yangtze Block (Western Yangtze) serve as a key archive for tracing sediment provenance and deciphering Early Cambrian geotectonic evolution. Methods This study presents systematic detrital zircon U–Pb geochronological and whole-rock major- and trace-element geochemical analyses of the Lower Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation in the Western Yangtze to constrain its provenance and tectonic background. Results Whole-rock geochemical data indicate that high-field-strength elements (HFSEs) and large-ion lithophile elements (LILEs; e.g., Th, Zr, Hf, Ba, Pb) in the Qiongzhusi Formation clastic rocks align closely with upper continental crust (UCC) values. Conversely, elements such as Co, Ni, Y, Nb, Cs, Hf, and Ta are depleted relative to UCC, with Co, Cs, and Ta showing the most significant depletion. Characteristics of immobile elements (Th, Sc, Hf, Zr, Ho) and rare earth elements (REEs; e.g., La, Ce, Yb) consistently indicate a predominantly felsic igneous source. Detrital zircon U–Pb age spectra exhibit two primary population peaks at ca. 590–500 Ma and ca. 880–720 Ma, alongside two subordinate clusters at ca. 1900–1500 Ma and ca. 2500–2400 Ma. Conclusions Integrated with regional geological evidence, we propose that the Early Cambrian detritus was primarily derived from Ediacaran–Early Cambrian magmatic rocks within the Longmenshan tectonic belt, as well as weathering products of late Neoproterozoic felsic magmatic rocks from the Panxi–Hannan and Ailaoshan magmatic arcs. Subduction of the Proto-Tethys Ocean beneath the Western Yangtze during the latest Ediacaran–Early Cambrian established a Late Ediacaran–Early Cambrian magmatic arc. This tectonic event converted the Western Yangtze from a passive margin into an active continental margin, supplying voluminous Early Cambrian detritus that drove the major depositional transition from carbonates to siliciclastics. [ Significance ]These findings establish key provenance links between the Western Yangtze and surrounding orogenic belts, providing critical constraints for reconstructing the tectonic and paleogeographic evolution of the South China Block during the Ediacaran–Early Cambrian transition.

Genesis of Ordovician Kelimoli Formation dolomites in the complex tectonic zone along the western margin of the Ordos Basin

MA Zhanrong, LI Zhenhong, LIU Jianping, HU Aiping, KOU Linlin

Objective The dolomite in the Ordovician Kelimoli Formation of the complex tectonic zone along the western Ordos Basin margin is a high-quality reservoir for natural gas exploration. However, its genetic mechanism and the relationships among the sedimentary environment, multi-stage tectonic superimposition, and diagenetic alteration remain controversial, limiting effective guidance for oil and gas exploration. Methods To elucidate the genesis of this dolomite, a comprehensive analytical approach was applied, incorporating thin-section petrography, cathodoluminescence (CL), C–O isotopes, X-ray diffraction (XRD) ordering degrees, trace and rare earth element (REE) geochemistry, and Sr isotopes, integrated with regional tectonic evolution. Results Under CL, the dolomites generally exhibit weak dark-brown luminescence with distinct zonation, alongside authigenic quartz and saddle dolomite, indicating hydrothermal involvement and multi-stage recrystallization during deep burial. Carbon and oxygen isotopic signatures further support a burial origin. XRD data reveal a relatively low ordering degree in dolomites, which decreases with increasing temperature, suggesting rapid crystallization under elevated temperatures. REE patterns display positive Ce and Eu anomalies, indicating that dolomitization occurred in a relatively closed, high-temperature, and high-pressure diagenetic system via internal fluid readjustment and material redistribution. Overall, the dolomite shows a relatively low degree of order, and the order decreases with higher temperatures, suggesting that the dolomite formed in an environment with relatively high temperature and rapid crystallization rate. Geochemically, lower Sr contents correlate with higher Fe and Mn concentrations, reflecting multi-stage superimposed alteration under deep burial conditions. Furthermore, strontium isotope values of medium-to coarse-grained dolomite closely approach average crustal values, likely influenced by crustal Sr transported along coeval tectonic conduits. Conclusions This research attributes the dolomite formation primarily to deep burial and the coeval superimposition of tectonic fluid modification. The origin and evolution of the Ordovician Kelimoli Formation dolomite were strongly controlled by deep fault systems. During the co-deposition period, this fault system controlled the development of high-energy terraces. In the subsequent tectonic activity phase, the deep fault system became a fluid migration channel, facilitating the superimposed modification of dolomite bodies. Significance The research results provide fundamental support for the efficient exploration of oil and gas resources.

Cover

2026, 32(4).

Abstract (127) PDF (2211KB)(28)

Contents

2026, 32(4): 1-2.

Abstract (172) HTML (90) PDF (434KB)(118)

Tectonic System & Structural Geology

Deformation characteristics and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar geochronology of the Shili ductile shear zone at the northwestern margin of the Yunkai Block

GUO Shangyu, WU Xiangke, ZHAO Bing, LI Dan

2026, 32(4): 771-785. doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025052

Abstract (293) HTML (58) PDF (6154KB)(83)

Formation and modification of the Minle Basin in the Hexi Corridor: Insights into Cretaceous tectonic characteristics of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau

ADINA Alimu, ZHANG Beihang, YANG Yan, ZHAO Heng, JIANG Hai, LIU Yugang, DING Zhe

2026, 32(4): 786-805. doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025154

Abstract (320) HTML (90) PDF (9189KB)(126)

Fractal characteristics of karst geology in large-scale thrust-nappe tectonic settings

SHI Xiaodi, YAO Jianxin, ZHAO Biyi, YAO Dan, KUANG Li

2026, 32(4): 806-816. doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025039

Abstract (204) HTML (55) PDF (1130KB)(80)

Crustal Stress & Tectonic Stress Field

Tectonic stress field characteristics in Wushi, Xinjiang, and the stress impact of the M 7.1 Wushi earthquake

SONG Zeyao, WAN Yongge, GU Peiyuan, ZHOU Mingyue

2026, 32(4): 817-828. doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025085

Abstract (622) HTML (119) PDF (6970KB)(586)

Mechanical property prediction and 3D modeling via statistical regression and prestack inversion: a case study from the Bonan Sag

WANG Bin, XIAO Han, NIU Xuemin, ZHANG Ruixuan, GE Xing

2026, 32(4): 829-841. doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025084

Abstract (385) HTML (85) PDF (4282KB)(386)

Energy Resources Geology

Evaluation of hydrocarbon source rocks and oil-source correlation of the Chang 7 and Chang 6 Members of the Yanchang Formation in the Jingbian area, Ordos Basin

TANG Siwei, XUE Hui, TANG Youjun, WANG Shumin, HU Guangming, LI Geng, SHI Fangtingyu

2026, 32(4): 842-860. doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025050

Abstract (371) HTML (79) PDF (2679KB)(302)

Permian–Triassic reservoir characteristics and controls on their differences in the Pen-1 West Sag, Junggar Basin

ZHANG Fushun

2026, 32(4): 861-876. doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2026027

Abstract (262) HTML (67) PDF (11903KB)(115)

Diffusion coefficients and multi-scale diffusion models of shale oil and gas

ZHANG Mingdi, ZHANG Guangdong, ZHU Langtao, MENG Sijin

2026, 32(4): 877-888. doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025140

Abstract (303) HTML (75) PDF (1174KB)(151)

Geo-hazards & Engineering Geology

Slope engineering in the deeply incised valleys of the Tibetan Plateau: key challenges and strategic considerations

WANG Jiming, QI Bangshen

2026, 32(4): 889-898. doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025061

Abstract (218) HTML (50) PDF (5098KB)(71)

Reactivation mechanism and stability trend prediction of the Huangci No.2 landslide, Heifangtai, Gansu Province, China

DOU Xiaodong, LI Yushan, MENG Yateng, CONG Kai, ZHANG Yongjun, JIA Qiang

2026, 32(4): 899-918. doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2026014

Abstract (575) HTML (94) PDF (11819KB)(295)

Active Tectonics & Earthquake

Remote sensing image characteristics and seismic hazard of the Baiganhu Fault on the south side of the central Altyn Tagh Fault

LIU Hanlin, CHEN Tao, YUAN Zhaode

2026, 32(4): 919-932. doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025187

Abstract (289) HTML (66) PDF (21838KB)(131)

Numerical simulation analysis of seismically triggered load and ball-and-pillow structures in the lacustrine sediment

YAN Zelong, FAN Ruixiang, LIANG Lianji, ZHONG Ning, ZHANG Junjie

2026, 32(4): 933-941. doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2026005

Abstract (239) HTML (63) PDF (1775KB)(116)

Fundamental Geology & Regional Geology

Tectonic evolution of the western Yangtze Block during the Ediacaran–Cambrian: evidence from detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology

SHI Zhiqiang, SUN Le, ZHANG Hong, PEI Jinyun, LI Wei

2026, 32(4): 942-957. doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025065

Abstract (460) HTML (93) PDF (2674KB)(285)

Genesis of Ordovician Kelimoli Formation dolomites in the complex tectonic zone along the western margin of the Ordos Basin

MA Zhanrong, LI Zhenhong, LIU Jianping, HU Aiping, KOU Linlin

2026, 32(4): 958-979. doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025031

Abstract (334) HTML (95) PDF (17456KB)(385)

Study on the cooling history of Pliocene basalt columns in Kanchanaburi, Thailand

ZHOU Enxiong, YAN Yonggang, LAI Zhenyang, LI Danxin, FU Yalan, DENG Xiaotai, ANCHANA Thanakan, VEERAVINANTANAKUL Apivut, CHARUSIRI Punya, WANG Weitao, HUANG Baochun, ZHANG Peizhen

2026, 32(4): 980-998. doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025169

Abstract (298) HTML (103) PDF (6100KB)(172)

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Geochemical Signatures and Exploration Criteria of Representative Giant Deposits in the Central Asian Metallogenic Belt

wang xueqiu, XIE Miao, liu qingqing, jing xiuming

doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2026134

[Abstract](0) [PDF 2112KB](0)

Abstract:
[Objective] This study investigates the geochemical characteristics of two representative giant mineral deposits in the Central Asian Metallogenic Belt—the Muruntau-type gold deposit in Uzbekistan and the Almalyk porphyry copper deposit—at both regional and orefield scales. The multiscale structures of geochemical anomalies associated with the two mineral systems are systematically characterized, and geochemical exploration criteria for analogous deposits in the Central Asian Metallogenic Belt are established. [Conclusions] The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The Muruntau gold deposit is primarily controlled by anticlinal structures that provided favorable space for ore emplacement and is characterized by pronounced enrichment of Au, As, Sb, Hg, Pt, and Pd. At the regional scale, Au-As-Sb-Hg multielement anomalies exhibit strong spatial overlap, whereas at the orefield scale, strong Au and As anomalies occur directly above the main orebodies. These features demonstrate a consistent association and co-enrichment of Au, As, Sb, and Hg within the orogenic gold mineral system. (2) The Almalyk porphyry Cu-Au orefield is characterized by strongly overlapping Cu-Mo-Au-Pb-Zn multielement anomalies at the regional scale. At the orefield scale, these anomalies show a classic concentric geochemical zoning pattern, comprising an inner Mo zone, an intermediate Cu-Au zone, in which Cu and Au occupy separate northern and southern domains, and an outer Pb-Zn zone. [Significance] The Muruntau and Almalyk deposits exemplify the characteristic geochemical signatures and exploration criteria of two major deposit types in the Central Asian Metallogenic Belt. The results provide a useful reference for exploration for analogous deposits in the Chinese segment of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt, from regional targeting to orefield-scale exploration.

Seismic Technology and Its Application for Ultra-Deep Oil and Gas in the Platform Area of Tarim Basin

li yalin, CAO Hong, LI Dajun, ZHANG Yintao, DUAN Wensheng, SUN Chong

doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2026093

[Abstract](4) [PDF 28895KB](0)

Abstract:
Abstract: [Objective] The platform area in the Tarim Basin contains enormous hydrocarbon resource potential in ultra-deep (>6000 m) carbonate reservoirs. Efficient exploration and development of these resources require breakthroughs in four key areas: prediction of the thickness of major source rocks, characterization of the distribution of strike-slip faults, prediction of high-quality ultra-deep reservoirs, and detection of ultra-deep hydrocarbon accumulations. However, the great burial depth and strong heterogeneity of the reservoirs, poor seismic source and receiver conditions associated with the extensive desert terrain, severe seismic attenuation, and the complex distribution of subsurface igneous intrusions result in low signal-to-noise ratios, poor resolution, and limited imaging accuracy of ultra-deep seismic data, thereby hindering reliable reservoir prediction. This study aims to establish a systematic seismic technology framework for the exploration of ultra-deep carbonate hydrocarbons in the platform area and to overcome these key technical challenges. [Methods] In response to the four major technical challenges, four core seismic technologies were developed. (1) Energy enhancement and noise attenuation technology, consisting of ghost-reflection-focusing source excitation, small-aperture square-array combined reception, weak-signal enhancement in the curvelet domain, and inverse scattering series method for interbed multiple suppression; (2) fidelity-preserving bandwidth extension technology, consisting of high-velocity-layer excitation, low-frequency geophone acquisition, and wavelet-based consistency correction using the recorded wavelet; (3) energy focusing and accurate positioning technology, consisting of 3D wide-azimuth, high-density, small-bin, long-offset seismic acquisition, refined migration-velocity modeling incorporating igneous intrusions such as volcanic rocks, detailed Q-field modeling, and Q-compensated reverse-time migration; and (4) seismic decoupling mapping technology, consisting of seismic decoupling mapping of strike-slip fault systems, source-rock thickness, ultra-deep reservoir properties, and ultra-deep fluid properties. [Results] The proposed seismic technology framework has achieved significant results in its application to the Tabei Depression. (1) Ultra-deep strike-slip faults have been transformed from weak and indistinct reflections into clearly identifiable seismic features, substantially improving fault interpretation; (2) the prediction error for the thickness of the major source rock, the Lower Cambrian Yu'ertusi Formation, has been constrained to within ±10 m; (3) the coincidence rate of predicted high-quality ultra-deep carbonate reservoirs exceeds 85%; and (4) the accuracy of ultra-deep hydrocarbon detection exceeds 80%. [Conclusion] These advances led to the discovery and efficient delineation of the Fuman ultra-deep giant oil and gas field in the Tabei Depression, with proved reserves reaching the billion-ton level and an ultra-deep oil and gas production base with an annual production capacity of approximately 5 million tons having been established.

Ecological Restoration Technology System and Application for the Ruoergai Restoration Project

, xiang guoping

doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2026111

[Abstract](6) [PDF 4686KB](2)

Abstract:
The ecological restoration technology system holds significant importance for the implementation of landscape restoration projects.Focusing on the integrated protection and restoration project of mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes, grasslands and sands in Ruoergai, this study reveals the evolutionary characteristics and laws of surface water-groundwater cycles in alpine ecological functional zones. Through systematic investigation, comprehensive evaluation and scientific analysis, it accurately identifies and diagnoses the key ecological problems and their causes in Ruoergai.This paper constructs a theoretical and technical support system for integrated ecological restoration based on geo-ecosystem evolution, establishes preliminary ecological problem identification, diagnosis and full-life-cycle monitoring in high-altitude grassland wetlands, and innovates the practical application mode of the Two Mountains theory centered on the utilization and value promotion of unique geo-ecological resources in Ruoergai.The research results fully support the ecological restoration of high-altitude grassland wetland ecosystems, and provide replicable technical paradigms for the systematic governance of alpine wetlands.

Relationship Between Reducing Media and Uranium Mineralization in the Telaaobao Uranium Deposit, Ordos Basin

peng yunbiao, jiang xiaojie, lu chao, wang longhui, zhong weihui, yang yong, luo wenta

doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2026074

[Abstract](35) [PDF 3456KB](2)

Abstract:
The Telaaobaoao uranium deposit is the first super-large uranium deposit hosted in the Lower Cretaceous strata in the northern Ordos Basin. Its sedimentary setting is markedly different from that of the numerous uranium deposits previously studied within the Middle Jurassic Zhiluo Formation. Uranium-bearing sandstone reservoirs in this deposit are notably deficient in traditional reducing agents such as carbonaceous debris and pyrite. The lack of systematic research on reducing media in this deposit has significantly hindered the refinement of uranium metallogenic models and the expansion of successful exploration. In this study, a combination of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), fluorescence analysis, sulfur isotope analysis, and acidolysis hydrocarbon analysis was employed to identify multiple types of reducing media, including carbonaceous debris, pyrite, hydrocarbon-bearing fluids, and chlorite. Their genetic characteristics were summarized, and hydrocarbon-bearing fluids were determined to be the dominant reducing medium.Specifically, the carbonaceous debris was mainly allochthonous, derived from older strata; the sulfur in pyrite primarily originated from bacteriogenic sulfides and organic sulfides; the hydrocarbon-bearing fluids were sourced from deep coal-, oil-, and gas-bearing strata and migrated into the deposit via faults in its vicinity; chlorite can be subdivided into alteration products of mica and feldspar and authigenic chlorite.Based on the Telao Bao metallogenic model, the types and roles of reducing media during different mineralization stages were discussed: (1) During the sedimentary-diagenetic stage in the early Early Cretaceous, the main reducing media were carbonaceous debris and metal sulfides such as pyrite; (2) In the late Early Cretaceous large-scale reduction stage, the principal reducing medium was deep-sourced hydrocarbon-bearing fluids; (3) From the Late Cretaceous to the Oligocene, during the secondary oxidation–mineralization stage, chlorite further enhanced the reducing capacity of the sandstone reservoirs, ultimately leading to termination of redox-driven mineralization.

Study on Gravity and Magnetic Anomalies and Deep Structural Characteristics in Shanghai and Adjacent Areas

HU Xiangyun, XIE Jianlei, ZHANG Henglei

doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2026130

[Abstract](40) [PDF 12976KB](4)

Abstract:
Using aeromagnetic and aerogravity data from Shanghai and its adjacent areas, the three-dimensional inversion is employed to construct crustal density contrast and the magnetic magnetization models for the study area. To analyze the crustal structural characteristics, the corresponding analysis of gravity and magnetic anomalies revealed that the sources of these anomalies are unrelated but exhibit accompanying features. Medium-to-strong magnetism is widely distributed along density anomaly gradient zones, suggesting that intrusive medium-to-acidic granites along the margins of uplifted structures are the primary factors causing the magnetic anomalies. Based on the density and magnetic models, a crustal ring structure in the Yangtze Estuary is identified, and the tectonic characteristics of the Hu-Su and Jiang-Shao faults are analyzed in detail. The gravity and magnetic features of the Jiang-Shao fault segment entering the East China Sea are examined, indicating that these two faults extend to a depth of 20 km, controlling the tectonic framework of the Shanghai region.

Tectonic Stress Distribution and Its Effects on Fracture Development in the Jurassic-Cretaceous Succession of the Kuqa Foreland Area, Tarim Basin

CAO Yingzhang, XUN Zhipeng, LIU Yin, SUN Xiaolong, WANG Jian

doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2026119

[Abstract](31) [PDF 3611KB](2)

Abstract:
[Objective] The clastic reservoirs in the Kuqa Depression are generally tight, and tectonic fractures are critical for improving permeability and enhancing hydrocarbon productivity. However, due to the complex tectonic stress regime, fracture development exhibits strong heterogeneity. [Methods] This study focuses on the Cretaceous Bashijiqike Formation in the Kelasu Structural Belt and the Jurassic Ahe Formation in the Dibei area, aiming to reveal the distribution characteristics of tectonic stress and its control on fracture development through an integrated structural–stress–fracture analysis. [Results] The results show that the stress fields of both the Bashijiqike and Ahe formations display a general north-to-south increasing trend, and can be divided from north to south into three zones: the northern detachment–release zone, the central fold–thrust concentrated zone, and the southern stress accumulation zone. Stress heterogeneity within each zone is jointly controlled by fault superposition, fold deformation, and gypsum–salt layer detachment, with the strongest heterogeneity occurring in the central zone. The northern zone is characterized by low fracture density, dominated by hinge-perpendicular and hinge-oblique fractures. The central zone exhibits well-developed fractures with complex orientations. The southern zone shows east–west segmentation in fracture density, dominated by hinge-parallel fractures. The southward transition in fracture orientation reflects the diminishing influence of strike-slip accommodation zones and local faults, accompanied by the progressively enhanced role of fold-related deformation. Structural style significantly influences stress distribution and fracture development: pop-up structures host the most pervasive and well-connected fractures, imbricate structures are intermediate, and pop-down structures exhibit the least fracture development with poor effectiveness. Fracture intensity shows a positive correlation with single-well productivity. [Conclusions] Effective fracture networks are the primary control on permeability in tight reservoirs. [Significance] The findings provide a theoretical basis and practical guidance for reservoir evaluation in complex stress regimes within foreland basins.

Mineral Systems, Evolutionary Patterns, and Spatial Mineral Prospecting Methods for Rare Metal Mineralization

WANG Rucheng

doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2026133

[Abstract](31) [PDF 1205KB](7)

Abstract:
Rare metals are an important component of strategic critical metals, and their mineralization is closely related to the granite–pegmatite system. As the direct products of mineralization, the crystallization behaviors and evolutionary patterns of rare-metal minerals provide an essential basis for understanding metallogenic mechanisms, assessing resource potential, and predicting ore-forming districts. This paper identifies (hydro)oxides, silicates, and phosphates as the main types of rare-metal ore minerals and systematically analyzes their mineralogical characteristics. On a global scale, it investigates the evolutionary features of these minerals during key geological periods, revealing the coupling relationship between rare-metal mineralization and supercontinent assembly–breakup cycles. Based on differences in elemental electronegativity, the relationship between the chemical behavior of rare elements and their mineralization capacity is established, elucidating the fundamental pathways of rare-metal enrichment and mineralization. At the scale of ore bodies, it systematically analyzes the crystallization sequence of lithium minerals and constructs a generalized evolutionary framework for lithium mineralization in rare-metal pegmatites. Furthermore, from the perspective of compositional evolution in Nb–Ta and Zr–Hf minerals, a multi-dimensional tracing system for rare-metal mineralization is developed. This paper aims to construct a comprehensive mineral system for rare-metal mineralization, deepen the understanding of its evolutionary regularities, and promote the establishment of a spatial prospecting methodology based on mineralogical responses, thereby providing theoretical support for rare-metal resource exploration.

xiao keyan, WANG Zhengyao, LIU Bingli, LI Cheng, CAO Changjie, KONG Yunhui, WANG Yao

doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2026098

[Abstract](50) [PDF 1965KB](5)

Abstract:
[Objective] Mineral exploration in deep, concealed and covered areas is increasingly confronted with weak, indirect and multi-interpretable ore-forming signals. Under such conditions, the key issue in mineral prospectivity mapping is no longer whether more heterogeneous geoscience data can be collected, but whether effective metallogenic information can be extracted and identified from geological, geochemical, geophysical, remote sensing and three-dimensional spatial data. Metallogenic information is the critical intermediate link among metallogenic theory, deposit models and quantitative prediction. It can be metaphorically regarded as the “information food” of mineral prediction, because it determines whether geological understanding can be transformed into meaningful model inputs. [Methods] This paper reviews recent progress in the intelligent extraction and identification of metallogenic information following the logic of “theory and model—information classification—information extraction—intelligent identification—geological verification”. On this basis, the paper discusses model-guided extraction of geological-structural, geochemical, geophysical, remote sensing and three-dimensional metallogenic information, and summarizes GIS-based spatial quantification, statistical learning, machine learning, deep learning, graph learning and knowledge-data collaborative identification methods. Special attention is paid to the relationship among metallogenic models, deposit models and prospecting models. Metallogenic models explain ore-forming processes and genetic mechanisms, deposit models summarize diagnostic feature associations of specific deposit types, and prospecting models translate these understandings into observable, extractable and verifiable prediction criteria. [Results] Metallogenic information should be distinguished from raw geoscience data, data anomalies, prospecting indicators, prediction variables and algorithm-derived model features. Raw data are observations, anomalies are statistical differentiations, and model features are numerical representations learned or transformed by algorithms; metallogenic information, however, refers to computable evidence that is constrained by target deposit types and metallogenic models and that can indicate ore-forming processes, controlling factors, anomaly responses and spatial associations. Effective metallogenic information should have genetic relevance, deposit-type specificity, spatial expressibility, scale compatibility, computability, interpretability and verifiability. According to mineral system elements and deposit models, metallogenic information can be classified into information related to material sources, migration pathways, ore-forming spaces, precipitation and enrichment processes, preservation conditions and known mineralization indicators. Geological-structural information should therefore be extracted from favorable strata, ore-related intrusions, faults, contact zones, alteration-mineralization features and preservation conditions rather than from undifferentiated geological layers. Geochemical information should emphasize element associations, zoning patterns, background correction, robust anomaly recognition and three-dimensional grade or mineralization voxel expression. Single-element highs are only candidate anomalies unless they are consistent with the element association, spatial zoning and geological setting of the target deposit model. Geophysical and remote sensing anomalies become metallogenic information only when they can be interpreted, under the constraint of a metallogenic model, as responses of concealed geological bodies, ore-controlling structures, alteration zones or mineralization-related interfaces. Three-dimensional geological models are carriers for metallogenic information extraction rather than prediction results themselves. Their value lies in transforming faults, folds, intrusions, contact surfaces, ore bodies, physical-property fields and drilling constraints into distance fields, structural attributes, voxel properties and three-dimensional spatial relationships. Intelligent methods can improve the recognition of nonlinear combinations, complex spatial patterns and multi-source associations, but they cannot replace deposit models or geological interpretation. Automatically extracted features must be translated back into geological semantics. Only information that satisfies statistical relevance, geological plausibility, spatial continuity and verifiability can be regarded as effective metallogenic information for prediction. [Conclusions] The reliability of mineral prospectivity mapping depends first on the quality of metallogenic information and only secondarily on the complexity of prediction algorithms. Model-guided classified extraction is the foundation for transforming geological understanding into computable evidence. Artificial intelligence should be used to support information extraction, pattern identification and relationship modeling, while its outputs must be constrained and verified by metallogenic models, deposit models, prospecting models and geological facts. [Significance] Future research should focus on model-guided multi-source classified extraction, knowledge-data collaborative identification, multi-scale and three-dimensional information recognition, uncertainty assessment and interpretable validation. These directions can provide more reliable essential information input for deep mineral prospectivity mapping and improve the geological credibility of intelligent prediction results.

Tungsten and Tin Mineralization in the Northern Jiangxi–Southern Anhui Metallogenic Belt, Eastern Jiangnan Orogen

jiang shaoyong, xiong suofei, zhang wei, su huimin, dong jiaxiang, chen wei, yin jin, hu dalong, peng ningjun

doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2026103

[Abstract](63) [PDF 2557KB](18)

Abstract:
　　Tungsten and tin are strategic critical metals of China. The Northern Jiangxi–Southern Anhui metallogenic belt in the eastern Jiangnan Orogen is a newly discovered world-class tungsten enrichment province identified in recent years, with total mineral resources exceeding those of the Nanling metallogenic belt. This paper systematically classifies tungsten-tin deposit types within the Jiangnan Orogen, and discusses geological features, magmatic processes and metallogenic regularities of typical deposits including Zhuxi, Dahutang, Xianglushan, Yangchuling, Dongyuan and Xiwukou, based on the classification of S-, I- and A-type granites.
　　The Jiangnan Orogen represents the Neoproterozoic collisional suture between the Yangtze and Cathaysia Blocks, and its Shuangqiaoshan Group basement rocks are enriched in tungsten and tin. The Yanshanian epoch (150–130 Ma) constitutes the major metallogenic period. S-type granites host the giant Zhuxi and Dahutang W-Cu deposits, which are characterized by reduced magmas, strong peralumious, with skarn and superimposed composite mineralization. I-type granites generate medium-to-large W-Mo deposits such as Xianglushan, Yangchuling and Dongyuan, belonging to medium-high temperature weakly peraluminous rocks with well-developed porphyry and skarn mineralization. A-type granites are exemplified by the Xiwukou Sn-W-Rb deposit in southern Anhui, which are highly fractionated and fluorine-rich, enriched in rare metals including tin and rubidium.
　　Metallogenic materials enrichment follows a three-stage model: pre-enrichment in basement rocks, Mesozoic crust-mantle interaction, and magmatic fluid mineralization. Calcium sources for scheelite formation are either from carbonate wall rocks or from silicate alteration and Ca release of magmatic rocks. Research achievements in this area break the traditional understanding that tungsten mineralization is solely controlled by S-type granites, establish a differentiated metallogenic system for three types of granites, and reveal that subduction rollback of the Paleo-Pacific Plate and lithospheric extension constitute the deep dynamic background for regional mineralization. This paper summarizes existing research gaps such as metallogenic material cycling and fluid metallogenic dynamics, and proposes four types of deep prospecting targets including fault intersections and concealed pluton domes, providing theoretical support for further exploration of tungsten and tin resources in China.

The intracontinental-extensional full-temperature metallogenic model: application for the prospecting breakthroughs at the Shuikoushan Orefield

wang jionghui

doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2026126

[Abstract](50) [PDF 3825KB](7)

Abstract:
[Objective] Abstract: The central Nanling metallogenic belt is a representative region of intracontinental magmatic-hydrothermal mineralization in South China. Large Pb-Zn-Fe-Cu-Au-Ag deposits like the Shuikoushan ore field are concentrated in this belt but largely exhausted at shallow levels after a century of mining, making the succession of deep resources increasingly difficult. [Methods] To guide deep drilling in those old mines, this study systematically analyzes the metal sources, ore-controlling factors, temperature-dependent hydrothermal zonation, mineralization styles, and metal associations as well as their spatiotemporal coupling relationships from the material, structural, thermal, and metallogenic domains. [Results] The material domain reveals that magmas derived from different crustal levels and undergoing variable differentiation processes carry distinct metal inventories. Highly differentiated S- and A-type granites are enriched in W, Sn, Li, Be, Nb, and Ta, whereas weakly differentiated and oxidized I-type granodiorites are enriched in Fe, Cu, Au, Pb, and Zn. The structural domain shows that the intersections of deep faults and reversed folds, together with the calcareous-siliceous interfaces, provide the principal conduits and traps for ore-forming fluids. The thermal domain indicates that ore-forming metals are unloaded sequentially with decreasing temperature away from the intrusion. Tungsten, tin, molybdenum, and bismuth precipitate in the high-temperature proximal zone, together with iron and copper in the medium-high-temperature zone, lead, zinc, and gold in the medium-temperature zone, and gold and silver in the low-temperature distal zone. The metallogenic domain integrates the above three domains into a coherent framework, which can be summarized as one center, two structures, three systems, and multiple metals. This framework explains why distinct mineralization styles are superimposed within a single ore field. [Conclusions] On this basis, we propose an intracontinental-extensional full-temperature metallogenic model. This model emphasizes that magmas from different crustal levels and with variable differentiation were collectively emplaced at the intersections of deep faults and reversed folds. They successively formed high-temperature pegmatite-greisen Li-Be-Nb-Ta (400~550 °C), medium-to-high temperature skarn-porphyry W-Sn-Fe-Cu (280~500 °C), medium-temperature skarn Pb-Zn (230~370 °C), medium-low-temperature hydrothermal filling-replacement Pb-Zn-Au-Ag (120~340 °C), and epithermal Au-Ag (100~140 °C) mineralization. Distinct metallogenic systems can overlap with each other at the same period. Application of this model to the Shuikoushan ore field achieved three prospecting breakthroughs, including the discovery of the IV-3 orebody cluster to the east of the F₂₂ fault at Kangjiawan via the "anticline + N faults" model, the recognition of high-temperature Cu-Au mineralization to the south of Kangjiawan anticline based on the development of full-temperature mineralization along each concealed intrusion, the identification of skarn-porphyry type Cu-Fe-Au mineralization to the deeper Laoyachao–Yagongtang area guided by the concept that mineralization in different temperature domains serves as mutual prospecting indicators. [Significance] These results suggest that South China still holds extensive exploration potential for nonferrous and rare metals. The intracontinental-extensional full-temperature metallogenic model can provide new exploration strategies and target directions within mature mining districts.

Current status and prospects of geothermal resource exploration and development in Xiong’an New Area

wang guiling, MA Feng, ZHU Xi, YU Mingxiao, LU Xingchen, LI Jie, DONG Xiangyu

doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2026095

[Abstract](64) [PDF 2185KB](4)

Abstract:
[Objective] This study aims to review the history and current status of geothermal resource exploration and development in Xiong’an New Area, and to assess the advances, challenges, and future directions of geothermal exploration and utilization. [Methods] Based on the results of comprehensive geothermal exploration across the whole area, this study synthesizes the theoretical approaches, exploration and development technologies, and representative application. [Results] The principal achievements are as follows: (1) The “dominant-flow heat transfer” theory for buried hills is proposed, revealing the nonlinear characteristics of upward deep heat transport and providing a theoretical basis for identifying highest-temperature and largest-capacity geothermal wells in North China. (2) An evaluation method for recoverable geothermal resources under withdrawal–recharge equilibrium is established, comprehensively considering recharge rate, inter-well heat-exchange efficiency, and reservoir temperature attenuation, thereby improving the applicability of resource assessment to geothermal planning and development. (3) For geothermal exploration, the wide-field electromagnetic (WFEM) method is applied for the first time to the Jixianian geothermal reservoirs in Xiong’an New Area; demonstrating high precision and low cost in locating deeply buried geothermal reservoir structures. To address the low core recovery caused by the fractured weathered crust at the top of buried-hill reservoirs, a small-diameter pilot-hole drilling technique is proposed, achieving an overall core recovery of 85.06%. (4) Hydra-jet and acid-fracturing stimulation is implemented for the first time on the deep Gaozhuangzhuang Formation geothermal reservoir, increasing reservoir productivity eightfold and raising the geothermal-fluid temperature from 60.0 ℃ to 66.5 ℃. (5) To address the spatial mismatch between resource-rich areas with low heat demand and heat-demand centers with limited geothermal resources, the concept and associated technologies of long-distance heat transmission are proposed, and a new large-scale exploitation model based on “centralized extraction–centralized transmission–centralized reinjection” is established. [Significance] These theoretical and technological innovations provide guidance for the efficient and scaled development of geothermal resources in Xiong’an, and offer theoretical and technical support for the green and large-scale geothermal development in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region and nationwide.

Research and application of aprospecting model for sedimentary manganese deposits in the Xialei–Longbang area, southwestern Guangxi

zhou shangguo, LONG Tao, JIANG Sha, HUANG Qin, WANG Huaqing, LI Rongzhi, he pingxian, XI Zhenzhu

doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2026087

[Abstract](60) [PDF 4562KB](12)

Abstract:
[Objective] The Xialei–Longbang area in southwestern Guangxi hosts a critical manganese ore concentration district in China. Current exploration is hindered by an incomplete understanding of the occurrence patterns of sedimentary manganese deposits and a lack of a sound basis for selecting effective exploration methods.[Methods] Based on an analysis of the metallogenic geological settings, this study compares the geological characteristics of typical deposits and the geochemical characteristics of manganese-bearing rock series, and evaluates the results of exploration tests using the multi-polarization magnetotelluric (MPMT) method in the ore concentration district. [Results] The study area can be divided into two secondary manganese-forming basins, namely the Xialei–Shangying Basin and the Longbang–Dizhou Basin. Three sedimentary microfacies types are identified in the Xialei–Shangying manganese-forming basin: calcareous siliceous rock, calcareous siliceous rock–siliceous limestone, and siliceous limestone–argillaceous banded limestone. Only the siliceous limestone–argillaceous banded limestone microfacies occurs in the Longbang–Dizhou manganese-forming basin. Among these microfacies, the calcareous siliceous rock microfacies is the most favorable for mineralization, followed by the calcareous siliceous rock–siliceous limestone microfacies, whereas the siliceous limestone–argillaceous banded limestone microfacies is the least favorable. Centers of manganese enrichment are distributed within a zone approximately 500–1000 m northwest of the Xialei–Lingma synsedimentary fault. The thickness and Mn grades of rhodochrosite ore beds vary considerably among different mining areas (segments). Outward from the Xialei Mining Area, the manganese ore beds gradually thin and their Mn grades decrease. Moreover, the thickness and Mn grade of ore beds II+III generally show positive correlations with those of ore bed I. The ore-forming fluids were dominated by submarine hydrothermal fluids, and the sedimentary metallogenic environment was weakly oxidizing to oxidizing. Compared with the overlying and underlying wall rocks, the manganese-bearing rock series are characterized by a combination of low resistivity and high magnetic susceptibility. [Conclusions] Based on these results, a comprehensive prospecting model for Devonian rhodochrosite deposits was established and validated through exploration tests in the Xialei–Longbang area. The model captures the key ore-controlling factors and prospecting criteria of sedimentary manganese deposits in the region. [Significance] The combination of MPMT and drilling is applicable to sedimentary manganese exploration in southwestern Guangxi and provides important guidance for deep and concealed ore prospecting.

Genesis and resource potential of high-temperature geothermal systems along the three major fault zones of the western Sichuan Plateau

hou mingcai, ZUO Yinhui, HU Yazhao, mou feisheng, peng bo, xu xiaoqing, zhang junlong

doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2026056

[Abstract](57) [PDF 0KB](0)

Abstract:
[Objective] This study aims to elucidate the present-day geothermal field, the evolution of geothermal fluids, and the differential heat-control mechanisms of the Kangding–Luhuo, Ganzi–Litang, and Batang geothermal belts in the western Sichuan Plateau. [Methods] we integrated field investigations and hydrochemical data from 55 hot springs and geothermal wells, temperature-logging data from 10 boreholes, geothermal-gradient and terrestrial heat-flow data from two wells, and thermophysical measurements of 43 rock samples, together with regional fault-distribution and deep seismic-velocity data. [Results] The results show that hot springs in the western Sichuan Plateau are mainly distributed in belts along major deep faults, including the Xianshuihe, Ganzi–Litang, and Jinsha River faults. Geothermal gradients range from 17.5 to 59.7 ℃/km, while terrestrial heat flow ranges from 50.8 to 116.2 mW/m², with an average of 77.2 mW/m², showing an overall pattern of higher values in the southwest and lower values in the northeast. The geothermal fluids are predominantly of the HCO₃-Na type and are mainly recharged by high-altitude meteoric water, with varying degrees of water–rock interaction and cation exchange during deep circulation. SiO₂ geothermometry indicates that reservoir temperatures are mainly concentrated between 100 and 180 ℃, with local values approaching or exceeding 200 ℃. [Conclusion] Overall, the high-temperature geothermal systems in western Sichuan are fault-controlled hydrothermal systems jointly governed by the regional thermal background, deep heat input, heat and fluid transport along major deep faults, and deep circulation of meteoric water. Regional comparison indicates that the Ganzi–Litang geothermal belt is characterized by relatively high terrestrial heat flow and a substantial crustal heat-flow contribution, together with relatively stable fault-controlled fluid transport. The Batang geothermal belt exhibits pronounced deep thermal anomalies and is mainly controlled by strong deep heat input and the coupled effects of the Jinsha River Fault and deeply incised valleys. In contrast, the Kangding–Luhuo geothermal belt has a comparatively lower regional thermal background, although activity of the Xianshuihe Fault and local frictional heating promote the localized accumulation of high-temperature geothermal fluids. Integration of geothermal manifestations and fault distribution suggests that the Ganzi–Litang and Batang geothermal belts have relatively favorable regional exploration potential for high-temperature geothermal resources, whereas the Kangding–Luhuo geothermal belt shows stronger localized potential, particularly at intersections of the main Xianshuihe Fault with subsidiary faults and in areas with concentrated high-temperature geothermal manifestations. [Significance] These results provide a basis for evaluating favorable areas and selecting exploration targets for high-temperature geothermal resources in western Sichuan.

ncc-audit-test-1e8ebb15

[Abstract](35) [PDF 0KB](0)

Abstract:

Application and Prospect of Geophysical Exploration Technologies in Large-Scale Oil and Gas Engineering Construction

JING Shaodong, MA Xuedong, YAN Yuefeng, SUN Huaifeng

doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2026054

[Abstract](89) [PDF 2526KB](23)

Abstract:
The construction of large-scale oil and gas engineering projects serves as a strategic cornerstone for ensuring national energy security. Various types of projects, including long-distance pipelines, refining and chemical engineering, and underground storage facilities, are being advanced synergistically, playing an irreplaceable supporting role in the national economy and people's livelihoods. Integrated site investigation, running through from site selection and design to construction and operation. Its core tasks are accurately identifying geological hazards along long-distance pipelines, foundation conditions of refining and chemical plant sites, rock mass integrity and stability in underground spaces. However, poor adaptability to complex terrains, limited detection range, disturbance and damage to the site, high costs and long time remain the shortcomings of current drilling technologies. Engineering geophysical, leveraging the unique advantages of non-destructive, rapid, and capable of 3D exploration, have become the answer of the aforementioned challenges. Methods such as Controlled Source Audio-frequency Magnetotellurics (CSAMT), Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT), shallow seismic exploration, Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), and microtremor surveys have been widely applied in oil and gas projects. Appropriate combinations of geophysical methods have demonstrated significant effectiveness in pipeline investigation, foundation exploration in karst-developed areas, and underground storage facility investigation. With the maturation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technology, semi-airborne and fully airborne geophysics will effectively address personnel safety and exploration efficiency issues in complex terrains. Artificial Intelligence (AI)-driven geophysical data processing and inversion techniques are expected to achieve computational acceleration by tens of thousands of times. Airborne-ground-borehole joint inversion will enable 3D high-precision imaging. The development of Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) technology provides a new method for real-time dynamic monitoring of geological. Engineering geophysical is advancing towards intelligence, multi-dimensionality, and real-time capability, which will provide more robust technical support for the construction of large-scale oil and gas engineering projects.

Artificial Intelligence-Empowered Coal Geology: Advances, Challenges, and Prospects

dai shifeng, XU Na, ZHU Wei, li pengfei, qi anliangyu, LIU Yu, yan ruiwen, ZHAO Zhengfu

doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2026060

[Abstract](93) [PDF 603KB](42)

Abstract:
[Objective] The rapid development of artificial intelligence has reshaped the research paradigm of geosciences. Coal geology focuses on coal, coal seams, coal-bearing strata, coal basins, and coexisting and associated mineral resources in coal-bearing strata. These research objects exhibit highly complex material compositions, multiscale characteristics, and pronounced spatiotemporal variability. Consequently, the major research directions of coal geology, including coal petrology, coal geology, critical metals in coal-bearing strata, and coalbed methane exploration and development, are highly compatible with artificial intelligence.[Methods] Artificial intelligence is driving coal geology beyond traditional experience-based identification and local statistical analysis toward a new paradigm integrating multi-source data fusion, intelligent prediction, and mechanistic interpretation. It also provides new opportunities for discovering previously unrecognized geological phenomena.[Results] This paper systematically reviews recent advances in the application of artificial intelligence to the intelligent identification of coal macerals, intelligent prediction of coal quality, intelligent assessment of the occurrence modes and resource potential of critical metals in coal, and coalbed methane prediction. Artificial intelligence technologies have significantly improved the efficiency and accuracy of maceral image recognition, coal quality parameter prediction, identification of occurrence patterns of critical metals in coal, and comprehensive resource evaluation. However, several challenges remain, including the scarcity of high-quality datasets, limited cross-regional generalization capability, weak model interpretability, insufficient consistency with geological mechanisms, inadequate knowledge constraints, and limited implementation in engineering scenarios.[Conclusions] Future research should strengthen the construction of standardized large-scale databases, promote the deep integration of geological knowledge with data-driven models, develop interpretable and transferable intelligent models, and establish an intelligent research paradigm oriented toward major scientific questions in coal geology and the green and efficient development of coal-related resources.[Significance] This review highlights the transformative role of artificial intelligence in advancing coal geology from experience-driven analysis toward knowledge-guided intelligent research, providing methodological support for major scientific discovery and the green, efficient development of coal-related resources.

Early Paleozoic Tectonic Transition and Metallogenic Implications in the Eastern Kunlun Orogenic Belt, Qinghai: Evidence from Kunlun River Granites

ZU Muretiabuliyimiti, JIAO He, WANG Yong, huang guobiao

doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2026020

[Abstract](80) [PDF 2095KB](41)

Abstract:
Abstract: [Objective] The East Kunlun Orogenic Belt (EKOB) is a fundamental component of the Tethyan tectonic domain and preserves crucial records of the orogen’s evolution. Although remarkable progress has been achieved in tectonic evolution of the EKOB, systematic studies on its western segment remains insufficient. In particular, no unified consensus has been reached on the closure timing of the Proto-Tethyan Ocean, shift of tectonic regimes, provenance of crustal material, and associated metallogenic processes. [Methods] To better constrain the timing of tectonic transition and assess its metallogenic significance for regional polymetallic mineralization, this study conducts integrated petrological, geochemical and zircon geochronological analyses on three representative plutons (North Heihai, Jiadong, and Suhaitu) in the Kunlun River area, with comparisons to coeval granitoids in the eastern EKOB. [Results] Zircon U–Pb dating yields formation ages of 437.7–428.8 Ma for the monzogranites. Geochemically, these rocks belong to calc-alkaline series with weak peraluminosity, and exhibit higher A/NK ratios than coeval monzogranites of the Baitonggou pluton in eastern EKOB. The monzogranites have total REE contents of 212–256 ppm, with (La/Yb)_N = 8.78–21.05 and LREE/HREE = 8.15–14.13, reflecting LREE enrichment, flat HREE patterns, and pronounced negative Eu anomalies (0.23–0.73). Primitive mantle-normalized trace element patterns reveal enrichment in large-ion lithophile elements (Rb, K) and depletion in high field strength elements (Nb, Ta, Ti, P). [Conclusions]These characteristics indicate that the monzogranites are highly fractionated I-type granites derived from partial melting of ancient mid–upper crustal basement, and emplaced during a post-collisional extensional transition following Proto-Tethyan Ocean closure. This magmatic event records the tectonic switch from compression to extension and provides potential thermal and material conditions for polymetallic mineralization. The eastern and western EKOB experienced this tectonic transition nearly synchronously, demonstrating synchronous and unified evolutionary processes of the Proto-Tethyan Ocean across the whole EKOB.

Structural Characteristics and Quantitative Deformation Analysis of the Central Segment of the Western Sichuan Depression

LONG Yi, WANG Renfu, DUAN Wenshen, kong xuanlin, DING Yunan, wang chun, zhou xiaorong, QIU Jianhua

doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2026042

[Abstract](158) [PDF 4729KB](112)

Abstract:
The central segment of the Western Sichuan Depression, located on the western margin of the Sichuan Basin, has been influenced by the Longmen Shan orogenic belt and has experienced multiple phases of tectonic movement and superimposed modification, resulting in the formation of a complex deep-shallow dual-layer structural system. Based on high-precision three-dimensional seismic data from the central segment of the Western Sichuan Depression, this study conducts fine structural interpretation, selects profiles of typical buried detachment anticlines, and applies the area-depth-strain (ADS) method to perform quantitative analysis of multi-phase structural deformation. In combination with regional structural deformation characteristics, it systematically investigates the structural deformation mechanisms and basin-mountain coupling processes in the central segment of the Western Sichuan Depression. The results show that, bounded by the Middle-Lower Triassic gypsum-salt detachment layer, the central segment of the Western Sichuan Depression is vertically decoupled into a shallow frontal thrust-nappe system in the piedmont and a deep buried detachment deformation system within the basin. The structural deformation in the study area exhibits a segmented pattern along strike, with deep deformation weakening from south to north and shallow deformation strengthening from south to north. This segmentation results from the combined effects of heterogeneous compression of the orogenic belt, differences in basement structure, and spatial variations in the detachment layer. Combined with the ADS quantitative analysis results of detachment anticlines, this study suggests that the multi-phase deformation of detachment anticlines in the central segment of the Western Sichuan Depression displays a pulsed distribution pattern of “early Indosinian deep-level initiation (217 m), middle Indosinian shallow-level dominance (142 m), and late Indosinian overall waning (≤31 m)”, quantitatively revealing an episodic pattern in which the basin-mountain compressional deformation was transferred from deep to shallow levels and from early to late stages. Meanwhile, the differences in shortening amounts between the deep and shallow deformation systems in anticlines A and B indicate a “staggered peak” response over time: the deep deformation system experienced significant shortening during the early Indosinian (anticline B shortening of 217 m), whereas the shallow deformation system responded most strongly to compression during the middle Indosinian (Anxian Movement), together forming a unique coupling style of “deep pre-existing folding–shallow thrust nappe”. The “vertical layering–lateral segmentation–multi-phase quantification” structural understanding system established in this study not only provides a quantitative structural basis for deep to ultra-deep petroleum exploration in foreland basins, but is also of great significance for deepening the understanding of the basin-mountain coupling processes in the central segment of the Western Sichuan Depression.

Paleomagnetic constraints on a two-stage Cenozoic tectonic framework of the South China Block and the southeastern Tibetan Plateau

LIAO Yilian, HUANG Baochun, WANG Jianhua, LU Hongliang, SUN Qishun, CHEN Zaixu

doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025181

[Abstract](231) [PDF 5569KB](68)

Abstract:
[Objective] The kinematic history of the South China Block (SCB) following the breakup of Gondwana is of critical significance for constraining the timing of the initial opening of the Ailao Shan–Song Ma Paleo-Tethys Ocean basin. However, the understanding of this process has been limited by the scarcity of reliable paleomagnetic data. [Methods] In this study, systematic paleomagnetic, rock magnetic, and petrographic analyses were conducted on red beds and limestones of the Upper Silurian Kuanti Formation from the Qujing area, Yunnan Province. [Results] The samples were, however, very likely remagnetized during the Cenozoic. Rock magnetic analyses indicate that the red beds are predominated by hematite as the primary carrier of magnetization, with minor contributions possibly from magnetite/titanomagnetite. Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) results reveal combined features of sedimentary, incipient deformation and strong cleavage fabrics, suggesting that the sediments may have undergone significant syn-depositional or post-depositional tectonic deformation. Lithological observations indicate that the magnetic minerals within both the red beds and limestones are primarily authigenic. From 14 sites (85 red bed and limestone specimens), a stable, high-temperature or high-field characteristic remanent magnetization (ChRM) component, converging towards the origin, was isolated, yielding a mean direction of Declination (D_g)= 332.2°, Inclination (I_g)= 51.6°, precision parameter (k_g)= 19.0, confidence cone half-angle of the mean direction (α₉₅)= 9.4° before and of Declination (D_s)= 342.5°, Inclination (I_s)= 25.7°, precision parameter (k_s)= 15.8, confidence cone half-angle of the mean direction (α₉₅) = 10.3° after the tilt-adjustment. Several fold tests indicate a negative result. The corresponding paleomagnetic pole calculated from the in-situ ChRM direction is located at 64.9°N, 35.2°E (A₉₅=7.9°). This paleomagnetic pole is consistent with reference poles for the SCB between 20~5 Ma, suggesting that the Kuanti Formation underwent remagnetization at approximately 20 Ma. [Conclusion] Integrating these results with previously reported reliable paleomagnetic data from small blocks within the southeastern Tibetan Plateau and the SCB since 50 Ma, as well as prior studies on the tectonic evolution of the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, a two-stage model of co-evolution between the SCB and the southeastern Tibetan Plateau is proposed. During 50~20 Ma, collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates resulted in the uplift and crustal shortening of the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. The fault systems along the southeastern Tibetan Plateau exhibited left-lateral strike-slip motion, which induced clockwise rotation of the SCB relative to stable Eurasia. The amount of clockwise rotation varied across different locations of the SCB, with sites closer to the southeastern Tibetan Plateau fault systems experiencing larger rotations. Since 20 Ma, continuous northward subduction of the Indian Plate beneath Eurasia, combined with multiple dynamic processes, including lower to middle crustal flow, gravitational spreading, mantle convection inducing by the tearing of the Indian Plate, and Pacific–Indian Ocean subduction, has driven clockwise rotation and extrusion of the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. During this stage, the fault systems exhibit right-lateral strike-slip motion, while the SCB underwent counterclockwise rotation relative to stable Eurasia. The magnitude of rotation is generally consistent across different locations. [Significance] Therefore, the transition of the SCB from a “clockwise rotation” to a “counterclockwise rotation” behavior essentially represents a direct manifestation of the shift in the geodynamic regime along the southeastern Tibetan Plateau from vertical uplift to tectonic extrusion. The ~20 Ma paleomagnetic data in this study provide robust evidence for a regional reversal of the tectonic framework along the southeastern Tibetan Plateau.

Wu Chengjie^1,2，Zeng Huaien^1,2,3，Chen Jun⁴，FengYu⁵ , Li xi^2,3，WeiPengcheng^2,3,Yan Baorui^1,2

chengjie wu, HuaiEn CENG, jun chen, Yu FENG, xi li, pengcheng wei, baorui yan

doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025077

[Abstract](573) [PDF 1363KB](658)

Abstract:
Accurate prediction of landslide displacement is a crucial component of landslide early warning systems. This paper proposes a landslide displacement prediction model based on Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) combined with diverse time-series feature engineering, achieving high-precision displacement prediction and uncertainty quantification. TAKING THE BAZIMEN LANDSLIDE AS AN EXAMPLE, During the feature engineering phase, displacement lag features, rolling mean of rainfall, rolling variance of reservoir water level, and displacement change rate are constructed. Additionally, temporal decomposition features including monthly and quarterly components are extracted. SUBSEQUENTLY, EMPLOY THREE-FOLD TIME SERIES CROSS-VALIDATION, ALONG WITH A GRID SEARCH SCHEME, TO OPTIMIZE HYPERPARAMETERS IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE TIME SERIES CROSS-VALIDATION STRATEGY, THEREBY MITIGATING THE RISK OF OVERFITTING IN THE SMALL-SAMPLE SCENARIO. The results demonstrate that after incorporating multi-source temporal features, the prediction coefficients of determination (R²) for monitoring points ZG110 and ZG111 at the Bazimen Landslide significantly increase to above 0.99. Metrics such as MAE, RMSE, and MAPE are substantially reduced, indicating a significant improvement in prediction accuracy. This study integrates probabilistic modeling with feature interpretability analysis. The proposed method achieves high-precision landslide displacement prediction in small-sample environments while simultaneously quantifying prediction uncertainty. It provides effective decision support for landslide risk early warning and engineering safety assessment.

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Supervisor： China Geological Survey

Sponsor： Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences; Geological Society of China (GSC)

Editor-in-Chief： DENG Jun

ISSN 1006-6616

CN 11-3672/P

Post Issue Number 82-124

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