Characteristics and slope structure of the Beishan landslide group in Tianshui City
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摘要:
天水市北山地处秦岭北缘山地与黄土高原过渡地带, 受强烈的内外动力耦合作用影响, 诱发了呈带状分布的大型滑坡群, 严重制约现阶段天水市区规划建设和灾害风险防控。此次研究在系统总结已有地质灾害资料的基础上, 利用空-天-地一体化综合勘察手段, 查明了天水市北山自西向东黄土厚度渐变特征、典型的斜坡结构类型及关键控滑地层, 系统分析了地震滑坡的发育特征、分布规律和几何学、运动学特征。结果表明: 天水市北山滑坡群沿藉河河谷北岸集中呈带状分布, 滑坡类型主要为泥岩滑坡和黄土-泥岩接触面滑坡, 多具有深层多级旋转-平移、多期次滑动的特征; 地层结构为上覆第四系黄土和下伏新近系尧店组和甘泉组河湖相泥岩、黏土岩, 坡体结构类型为顺层岩土质斜坡; 天水市北山的坡体结构自西向东可分为3个典型区段, 黄土厚度自西向东逐渐增大, 海拔高程和表观摩擦角东西部低、中部高, 滑坡后壁高度东西部高、中部低; 天水市北山地震滑坡具有低角度启动和远程运动的特征, 其等效摩擦系数(f)在0.21~0.28之间, 且东、西区段地震滑坡的运动性更强。
Abstract:The Beishan area in Tianshui City is located in the transition zone between the mountainous area on the northern edge of the Qinling Mountains and the Loess Plateau. The solid internal and external dynamic coupling has induced large landslide groups with a zonal distribution, which seriously restricts urban planning and disaster risk prevention in Tianshui City. Based on the systematic summary of existing geological hazard data, this study used the space-sky-earth integrated survey method to identify the variations of loess thickness from west to east, typical slope structure types, and key slip-controlling strata. The seismic landslides' development characteristics, distribution rules, and geometric and kinematic features are systematically analyzed. The results show that the landslide groups in the Beishan area are concentrated along the north bank of the Jihe Valley in a zonal distribution. The landslide types are mainly mudstone landslide and loess-mudstone interface landslide, with multi-stage rotation, translation, and multi-stage sliding. The stratigraphic structure consists of the overlying Quaternary loess and the underlying lacustrine-fluvial mudstone and claystone of the Neoproterozoic Yaodian and Ganquan formations. The landslides belonging to the bedding rock slope have three typical slope structures from west to east. The loess thickness increases gradually from west to east, the elevation and apparent friction angle are lower in the east and west and higher in the middle, and the scarp height of the landslides is higher in the east and west and lower in the middle. In addition, the seismic landslides in this region have long-runout characteristics. The equivalent friction coefficients of these landslides are between 0.21 and 0.28, and the seismic landslides in the eastern and western sections have stronger movement.
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Key words:
- Tianshui City /
- loess-mudstone landslides /
- slope structure /
- seismic landslide /
- kinematics features /
- geo-hazards
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图 2 天水市活动断裂及历史震中分布图 (历史地震震中数据来源于国家地震科学数据中心
http://data.earthquake.cn )Figure 2. Distribution map of active faults and historical epicenters in Tianshui City (The data of historical earthquake epicentre are from the National Seismological Science Data Center (
http://data.earthquake.cn ))
图 3 研究区地质图
a—地质简图；b—区域地层剖面图 (据Wang et al., 2012修改)
Figure 3. Geological setting of the study area
(a) Geological plan; (b) Regional stratigraphic profiles (modified from Wang et al., 2012)
图 5 天水市北山黄土-泥岩滑坡平面图
Figure 5. Plan of Beishan loess-mudstone landslides in Tianshui City
图 6 天水市北山典型黄土-泥岩滑坡剖面图
Figure 6. Profile of Beishan loess-mudstone landslides in Tianshui City
图 7 天水市北山典型斜坡和滑坡剖面线示意图
Figure 7. Schematic diagram of typical slope and landslide profile in Beishan
图 9 天水市北山周家山滑坡
a—滑坡平面图；b—滑坡纵剖面图；c—滑坡后壁；d、e—中部黄土泥岩混杂堆积；f—下部次级陡坎；g—前缘黄土堆积
Figure 9. The Zhoujiashan landslide in Tianshui City
(a) Landslide plan; (b) Longitudinal profile of the landslide; (c) Main scarp; (d and e) Mixed accumulation of loess and mudstone in the central part; (f) Secondary scarp in the lower part; (g) Loess accumulation in the front
图 10 天水市北山肖庄村滑坡
a—平面图；b—剖面图；c—滑坡全景；d—后壁次级陡坎；e—滑坡上部黄土泥岩分界面；f—滑坡中部黄土泥岩混杂堆积；g、h—前缘强风化黏土岩堆积
Figure 10. The Xiaozhuangcun landslide in Tianshui City
(a) Landslide plan; (b) Profile of the landslide; (c) Full view of the landslide; (d) Secondary scarp of the main scarp; (e) Interface between loess and mudstone in the upper part; (f) Mixed accumulation of loess and mudstone in the central part; (g and h) Weathered clay-rock accumulation in the front
图 11 天水市北山水眼寨滑坡
a—平面图；b—剖面图；c—滑坡全景；d—滑坡上部黄土泥岩接触；e—滑坡上部巨厚黄土层；f—滑坡下部巨厚黄土层；g—前缘黄土堆积；h—渭河高阶地砾石层
Figure 11. The Shuiyanzhai landslide in Tianshui City
(a) Landslide plan; (b) Profile of the landslide; (c) Full view of the landslide; (d) Interface between loess and mudstone in the upper part; (e) Thick loess layer in the upper part; (f) Thick loess layer in the lower part; (g) Frontal loess accumulation; (h) Gravel bed of the Weihe high terrace
图 12 天水市北山斜坡结构分区
a—平面图；b—剖面图
Figure 12. Structural zoning of the Beishan slope
(a) Plan zoning; (b) Section zoning
图 13 滑坡运动特征参数示意图 (据Cruden and Varnes.，1996)
Figure 13. Characteristic parameters for the landslide movement (modified from Cruden and Varnes, 1996)
图 14 天水市北山滑坡等效摩擦系数与体积对数关系图
Figure 14. Logarithmic plot of the equivalent friction coefficient vesus volume for the Beishan landslides in Tianshui City
图 15 天水市北山各区段滑坡等效摩擦系数与体积对数关系图
a—西区段；b—中区段；c—东区段
Figure 15. Logarithmic plot of the equivalent friction coefficient vesus volume for each segment of the Beishan landslides in Tianshui City
(a) Western segment; (b) Middle segment; (c) Eastern segment
表 1 天水市北山滑坡统计表
Table 1. The Beishan landslides in Tianshui City
滑坡名称 编号 类型 体积/×104 m3 规模 厚度分类 诱因 新四沟滑坡 L01(L，M) 黄土滑坡 710 大型 中层滑坡 降雨 王家山滑坡 L02(V，M) 黄土-泥岩滑坡 3070 特大型 中层滑坡 地震 周家山滑坡 L03(V，D) 黄土-泥岩滑坡 3610 特大型 深层滑坡 地震 红旗山滑坡 L04(V，D) 黄土-泥岩滑坡 3450 特大型 中层滑坡 地震 闫家河1号滑坡 L05(V，D) 黄土-泥岩滑坡 1710 特大型 深层滑坡 地震 闫家河2号滑坡 L06(V，D) 黄土-泥岩滑坡 3060 特大型 深层滑坡 地震 上河村滑坡 L07(L，M) 黄土-泥岩滑坡 843 大型 中层滑坡 地震 孙家坪滑坡 L08(V，M) 黄土-泥岩滑坡 1660 特大型 中层滑坡 地震 县家路滑坡 L09(V，M) 黄土-泥岩滑坡 2150 特大型 中层滑坡 地震 肖庄村滑坡 L10(V，D) 黄土-泥岩滑坡 6590 特大型 深层滑坡 地震 赵集寨滑坡 L11(V，D) 黄土-泥岩滑坡 2760 特大型 深层滑坡 地震 水眼寨滑坡 L12(V，D) 黄土-泥岩滑坡 5700 特大型 深层滑坡 地震 靳家庄滑坡 L13(V，D) 黄土-泥岩滑坡 3980 特大型 深层滑坡 地震 峡口沙场滑坡 L14(L，M) 黄土滑坡 890 大型 中层滑坡 人工 锻压机床厂滑坡 L15(L，D) 黄土滑坡 284 大型 深层滑坡 人工 
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表 2 天水市北山滑坡等效摩擦角及后壁临空厚度
Table 2. Equivalent friction angle and trailing wall thickness of the Beishan landslides in Tianshui City
滑坡编号 水平距离/m 高差/m 等效摩擦角/(°) 后壁临空厚度/m 平均等效摩擦角/(°) 平均后壁临空厚度/m L02 1272.0 257.9 11.46 30 11.6 58 L03 1602.0 304.0 10.74 50 L04 1811.0 377.3 11.77 80 L05 1586.0 356.8 12.68 70 L06 1892.0 425.9 12.69 35 13.8 41 L07 1374.0 385.0 15.65 50 L08 1357.0 363.0 14.98 40 L09 1633.0 412.0 14.16 40 L10 1783.0 403.5 12.75 45 L10-1 1908.0 429.3 12.68 40 L11 1665.0 382.0 12.92 90 12.4 103 L12-1 1609.5 377.6 13.20 100 L12-2 1699.0 354.0 11.77 90 L13 1634.0 338.0 11.69 130
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