DISTRIBUTION CHARACTERISTICS AND FORMATION MECHANISM OF LANDSLIDES TRIGGERED BY ACTIVITIES OF BAOJI-WUSHAN SEGMENT AT THE NORTHERN MARGIN OF WESTERN QINLING FAULT ZONE
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摘要: 西秦岭北缘断裂沿"一带一路"交通廊道展布，是南北活动构造带强震丛集发育的节点之一，地震地质灾害风险极高。基于地质调查、测绘与数值分析，查明了断裂在天水地区触发的地震滑坡分布特征，探讨了断裂触发滑坡的形成机制。研究表明：（1）西秦岭北缘活动触发的巨、大型滑坡为断裂地貌过程的一部分，易在断裂的阶区聚集发育，其枢纽部位也有零星的分布；（2）巨大型滑坡集中于历史极震区内，断裂破裂过程中的近场惯性滑移、远场地震动是主要触发因素，二者耦合作用导致巨大型滑坡在断裂带两侧具有对称分布特征，活动强度由近及远而逐渐变弱；（3）断裂水平滑移、破裂引起的斜坡滑动变形以结构面贯通为主要表现形式，具有强烈的方向效应、近直立断层的区域地震动效应及地震波的山体地形放大效应，这些力学效应在滑坡破坏过程产生断裂结构面、次级羽裂结构面与滑动面，它们协同控制了滑坡的运动；（4）极端降雨触发的泥流是巨大型滑坡堆积体复活运动的主要形式，是现今防灾减灾重点。Abstract: The fault at the northern margin of western Qinling distributes along the transportation corridor of "the Belt and Road", which is one of the focuses with crowded development of strong earthquakes along the south-north active fault zone, having extremely high seismic risk of geological disasters. Based on geological survey, mapping and value analysis, the distribution characteristics of landslide disasters triggered in Tianshui area are summarized, and the mechanism for fault to trigger disasters is investigated. The study yields the following understanding:(1) As a part of geomorphic process of fault, the giant and large-scale landslides triggered by activities along the step of western Qinling fault zone easily developed in the fault zone with a scattered distribution in the hub positions of faults. (2) The giant and large-scale landslides concentrate on the meizoseismal area. When the faults start to fracture, the inertia fracture plane activities cause landslides along the fault zone and trigger seismic oscillation symmetrically distributed by the two sides of the fault zone, with the activity intensity of landslides gradually weakening from the near to the distant. (3) The slope sliding and deformation caused by horizontally fracture activities are mainly reflected by the appearance of structural plane, which features strong fracture direction effect, regional seismic oscillation effect of nearly vertical fault and mountain terrain amplification effect of seismic wave. Such mechanical effects cause fracture structure plane, secondary structure plane and sliding plane during the destruction process of landslides, and they coordinate with each other to control the slippage destruction of landslides.(4)The mud flow triggered by extreme rainfall is the main movement form of giant landslide reactivation. Now more attention of disaster prevention and mitigation should be paid on large mud flows.
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Key words:
- fault /
- landslide /
- distribution characteristics /
- formation mechanism /
- mud flow
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图 1 西秦岭北缘断裂宝鸡-武山段展布图
Figure 1. Layout of the Baoji-Wushan segment at the northern margin of western Qinling fault zone
图 2 西秦岭北缘断裂宝鸡—武山段大型滑坡地貌分布
Figure 2. Geomorphic distribution of large-scale landslides along the Baoji-Wushan segment at the northern margin of western Qinling fault zone
图 3 西秦岭北缘断裂凤凰山段滑坡分布统计
Figure 3. Distribution statistics of landslides in the Fenghuangshan segment of northern margin fault zone of western Qinling
图 4 公元734年地震震中滑坡分布
Figure 4. Distribution characteristics of landslides in epicenter of the earthquake in 734 A.D
图 5 西秦岭北缘断裂武山段断裂活动与滑坡的滑动方向
Figure 5. Sliding direction of the activities and landslides in the Wushan segment of the northern margin of western Qinling fault zone
图 6 断裂带滑坡及其多期活动边界
a-广武村滑坡；b-王家庄滑坡
Figure 6. Fault zone landslides and multi-stage activity boundaries
图 7 西秦岭北缘典型断裂带滑坡
a-侯家山断裂带滑坡；b-何沟村断裂带滑坡；c-李家那面断裂带滑坡
Figure 7. Typical landslides along the northern margin of western Qinling fault zone
图 8 巨大型地震滑坡的近水平剪切面
a-田家村斜坡内近水平剪切面；b-孙蔡村滑坡近水平剪出口；c-赵家窑滑坡近水平剪出口；d-李家庄滑坡近水平剪切面
Figure 8. Sub-horizontal shearing plane of giant and large-scale seismic landslides
图 9 水平向地震动触发软弱夹层滑移破坏
Figure 9. Horizontal seismic oscillation triggering weak intercalated layer slippage destruction
表 1 天水地区代表性的巨大型滑坡几何参数
Table 1. Geometrical parameters of typical giant and large-scale landslides in Tianshui Area
序号 位置 物质组成 长度/m 重心高度/m 体积/万方 等效摩擦系数 1 车川村滑坡 黄土与新近纪泥岩 1700 260 18500 0.15 2 王家窑滑坡 黄土与新近纪泥岩 1900 250 17300 0.13 3 红旗山滑坡 黄土与新近纪泥岩 1200 220 9400 0.18 4 陈家窑滑坡 黄土与新近纪泥岩 1400 240 4100 0.17 5 蔚家湾滑坡 黄土与新近纪泥岩 1600 250 7800 0.15 6 侯家山滑坡 黄土与新近纪泥岩 1200 242 8900 0.20 7 大石乡滑坡 黄土与新近纪泥岩 1900 340 6800 0.17 8 马家山庄滑坡 黄土与新近纪泥岩 1200 240 7400 0.20 9 菜子山滑坡 黄土 2800 420 31000 0.15 
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