Late Paleozoic tectonic evolution of the Qinling Orogenic Belt: Constraints and insights from detrital zircon U–Pb geochronology in the Western Qinling
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摘要: 秦岭造山带位于扬子与华北克拉通之间，经历了古生代－早中生代多阶段演化过程，完整记录了扬子−华北克拉通的碰撞造山历史。在物源、岩石地球化学、岩浆活动及大地构造等领域已积累大量研究成果，但秦岭造山带早古生代构造格局及晚古生代洋盆演化等关键问题仍存争议，主要有以下观点：商丹洋的闭合时间为早志留世、石炭纪与印支期；勉略洋初始俯冲时间为早石炭世、晚二叠世、晚二叠世末以及晚于早三叠世。岷县寨上地区位于西秦岭造山带，古生代地层广泛发育，是研究秦岭造山带构造演化历史的重要窗口。对该区出露的泥盆系、石炭系和二叠系开展系统采样，依次实施锆石单矿物分选、制靶、抛光及阴极发光（CL）图像拍摄，利用 LA-ICP-MS 进行锆石 U-Pb 年代学分析。通过分析实验结果，对西秦岭岷县寨上地区出露的泥盆系、石炭系和二叠系开展碎屑锆石 LA-ICP-MS U-Pb 年代学研究，以限定秦岭造山带古生代构造演化历史及沉积过程。碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学研究结果表明，岷县寨上地区西汉水群双狼沟组和巴都组具有相似的碎屑锆石年龄组成。泥盆系西汉水群双狼沟组碎屑锆石的主要年龄峰值为794 Ma，最年轻年龄峰值为448 Ma，以新元古代年龄组（746～880 Ma）为特征。下石炭统巴都组碎屑锆石主要年龄峰值为818 Ma，最年轻年龄峰值为390 Ma，以新元古代年龄组（750～901 Ma）为特征。下二叠统十里墩组中段碎屑锆石主要年龄峰值为443 Ma，最年轻年龄峰值为443 Ma，以早古生代年龄组（409～464 Ma）为特征。通过对比泥盆系、石炭系、二叠系碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄相对概率分布曲线及碎屑锆石年龄峰与构造背景关系图（对比对象包括北秦岭造山带、华北克拉通和扬子克拉通）发现：寨上地区泥盆系双狼沟组与石炭系巴都组具有一致的碎屑物质来源，其物源主要来自扬子克拉通，其次来自北秦岭造山带，且构造背景均属于裂谷盆地。而二叠系十里墩组中段碎屑物质则主要来源于北秦岭造山带，其构造背景为弧后盆地。结合研究结果以及秦岭造山带、华北克拉通、扬子克拉通、商丹洋和勉略洋的相对位置综合判断可知，岷县寨上地区在晚泥盆世—早石炭世期间处于裂谷盆地环境，至早二叠世转变为弧后盆地，这标志着勉略洋在此期间完成了由大洋扩张到大洋俯冲消亡的转换。此外，还限定勉略洋打开时间晚于早石炭世，商丹洋闭合时间早于晚泥盆世。这为秦岭造山带构造演化过程以及商丹洋的闭合时间和勉略洋初始俯冲时间提供了新的证据和年代学约束，有助于帮助恢复构建秦岭造山带的构造演化过程。
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关键词:
- 碎屑锆石 /
- LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学 /
- 物质来源 /
- 沉积环境 /
- 西秦岭造山带
Abstract:Objective The Qinling Orogenic Belt, positioned between the Yangtze and North China cratons, has undergone a multi-stage evolution from the Paleozoic to the Early Mesozoic, fully documenting the collisional orogenic history between both cratons. Substantial research achievements have been accumulated in fields such as provenance, lithogeochemistry, magmatic activity, and tectonics. However, key issues regarding the Early Paleozoic tectonic framework and Late Paleozoic ocean basin evolution of the Qinling Orogenic Belt remain controversial, primarily including the following aspects: The Shangdan Ocean may have closed during the Early Silurian, Carboniferous, or Indosinian periods; the subduction of the Mianlue Ocean may have initiated in the Early Carboniferous, Late Permian, end of the Late Permian, or later than the Early Triassic. The Zhaishang area in Minxian County, located within the Western Qinling Orogenic Belt, shows extensive Paleozoic strata and serves as a critical window for studying the tectonic evolution history of the Qinling Orogenic Belt. Methods Systematic sampling was conducted on the exposed Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian strata in this area. The procedures included zircon single-mineral separation, target preparation, polishing, and cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging, followed by zircon U–Pb isotope analysis using LA–ICP–MS (Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry). Based on these experimental results, detrital zircon U–Pb chronology was performed for the Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian strata exposed in the Zhaishang area of Minxian County, Western Qinling, to constrain the Paleozoic tectonic evolution history and sedimentary processes of the Qinling Orogenic Belt. Results Results of detrital zircon U-Pb chronology show that the Shuanglanggou Formation of the Xihan Shui Group and the Badu Formation in the Zhaishang area of Minxian County exhibit similar detrital zircon age compositions. Detrital zircons from the Shuanglanggou Formation (Devonian Xihanshui Group) are characterized by the dominant age peak at 794 Ma, belonging to a Neoproterozoic age group (880~746 Ma), and the youngest age peak at 448 Ma. Detrital zircons from the Lower Carboniferous Badu Formation display Neoproterozoic age groups (901~750 Ma), the dominant age peak at 818 Ma, and the youngest age peak at 390 Ma. Detrital zircons from the middle member of the Lower Permian Shilidun Formation exhibit the dominant and likewise youngest age peak at 443 Ma, belonging to an Early Paleozoic age group (464~409 Ma). Conclusion Through comparing the relative probability distribution curves of detrital zircon U–Pb ages of the Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian strata, as well as the correlation diagrams between detrital zircon age peaks and tectonic settings (including the northern Qinling Orogenic Belt, North China Craton, and Yangtze Craton as comparison targets), it is revealed that: The Devonian Shuanglanggou Formation and the Carboniferous Badu Formation in the Zhaishang area share a consistent detrital provenance, primarily the Yangtze Craton, followed by the northern Qinling Orogenic Belt; both tectonic settings are classified as rift basins. The detrital materials of the middle member of the Permian Shilidun Formation stem predominantly from the northern Qinling Orogenic Belt and correspond to a back-arc basin tectonic setting. By integrating the research results with the relative positions of the Qinling Orogenic Belt, the North China Craton, the Yangtze Craton, the Shangdan Ocean, and the Mianlue Ocean, it is concluded that the Zhaishang area in Minxian County was in a rift basin environment from the Late Devonian to the Early Carboniferous, and transitioned to a back-arc basin in the Early Permian. This transition marks the completion of the Mianlue Ocean’s evolution from oceanic expansion to subduction and demise. Additionally, the study constrains that: The Mianlue Ocean opened after the Early Carboniferous; the Shangdan Ocean closed before the Late Devonian. [ Significance ] This study provides new evidence and chronological constraints for the tectonic evolution of the Qinling Orogenic Belt, as well as the closure time of the Shangdan Ocean and the initial subduction time of the Mianlue Ocean, helping to reconstruct and restore the tectonic evolution process of the Qinling Orogenic Belt. -
图 1 西秦岭造山带地质简图及岷县寨上地区区域地质简图及采样位置图
a—西秦岭造山带地质简图（据张国伟等，2019修改）；b—岷县寨上地区区域地质简图及采样位置图
Figure 1. Geological sketch map of the western Qinling Orogenic Belt and regional geological map of the Zhaishang area in Min County with sampling locations (slightly modified from Zhang et al., 2019).
(a) Geological sketch map of the western Qinling Orogenic Belt; (b) Regional geological map of the Zhaishang area in Min County with sampling locations
图 2 岷县寨上地区典型沉积岩露头及采样位置照片
a—样品DG4014采样位置；b—样品DG4011采样位置；c—样品DG4009采样位置；d—样品DG0026采样位置
Figure 2. Outcrop photographs of typical sedimentary rocks and sample locations, Zhaishang Area, Min County
(a) Sampling location of Sample DG4014; (b) Sampling location of Sample DG4011; (c) Sampling location of Sample DG4009; (d) Sampling location of Sample DG0026
图 3 岷县寨上地区及邻区晚古生代地层柱状图
Figure 3. Stratigraphic column diagram of the Late Paleozoic in the Zhaishang area, Min County, and adjacent regions
图 4 岷县寨上地区沉积岩中碎屑锆石的CL图像及年龄值
a—样品DG4009代表性锆石CL图像及年龄；b—样品DG4011代表性锆石CL图像及年龄；c—样品DG4014代表性锆石CL图像及年龄；d—样品DG0026代表性锆石CL图像及年龄
Figure 4. CL images and age values of detrital zircons from sedimentary rocks in the Zhaishang area, Min County
(a) Representative zircon CL images and age values of Sample DG4009; (b) Representative zircon CL images and age values of Sample DG4011; (c) Representative zircon CL images and age values of Sample DG4014; (d) Representative zircon CL images and age values of Sample DG0026
图 5 岷县寨上地区沉积岩中碎屑锆石的U-Pb年龄谐和图
a—样品DG4014U-Pb年龄谐和图；b—样品DG4011U-Pb年龄谐和图；c—样品DG4009U-Pb年龄谐和图；d—样品DG0026U-Pb年龄谐和图
Figure 5. U–Pb concordia diagrams of detrital zircons from sedimentary rocks in the Zhaishang area, Min County
(a) U–Pb concordia diagram for Sample DG4014; (b) U–Pb concordia diagram for Sample DG4011; (c) U–Pb concordia diagram for Sample DG4009; (d) U–Pb concordia diagram for Sample DG0026
图 7 岷县寨上地区及其邻区U-Pb年龄相对概率分布图
a—样品DG4014和样品DG4011综合年龄相对概率分布图；b—样品DG4009U-Pb 年龄相对概率分布图；c—样品DG0026U-Pb 年龄相对概率分布图；d—北秦岭造山带年龄相对概率分布图（据Diwu et al.，2012）；e—华北克拉通年龄相对概率分布图（据Diwu et al.，2012）；f—扬子克拉通年龄相对概率分布图（据Diwu et al.，2012）
Figure 7. Relative probability plots of zircon U–Pb ages for the Zhaishang area, Min County, and adjacent areas
(a) Relative probability plot of U–Pb ages for samples DG4014 and DG4011 combined; (b) Relative probability plot of U–Pb ages for Sample DG4009; (c) Relative probability plot of U–Pb ages for Sample DG0026; (d) Relative probability plot of ages from the northern Qinling Orogenic Belt (after Diwu et al., 2012); (e) Relative probability plot of ages form the North China Craton (after Diwu et al., 2012); (f) Relative probability plot of ages from the Yangtze Craton (after Diwu et al., 2012)
图 6 岷县寨上地区沉积岩中碎屑锆石U-Pb 年龄频率分布直方图
a—样品DG4014 U-Pb 年龄频率分布直方图；b—样品DG4011 U-Pb 年龄频率分布直方图；c—样品DG4009 U-Pb 年龄频率分布直方图；d—样品DG0026 U-Pb 年龄频率分布直方图
Figure 6. U–Pb age frequency histograms of detrital zircons from sedimentary rocks in the Zhaishang area, Min County
(a) U–Pb age frequency histogram for Sample DG4014; (b) U–Pb age frequency histogram for Sample DG4011; (c) U–Pb age frequency histogram for Sample DG4009; (d) U–Pb age frequency histogram for Sample DG0026
图 8 碎屑锆石年龄峰与构造背景关系图（据Cawood et al.，2012修改）
图中红色的箭头代表沉积物沉积时的年龄；A—海沟和弧前盆地；B—弧后盆地；C1、C2—前陆盆地；D—被动大陆边缘；E—裂谷盆地a—构造背景环境及其对应的大地构造单元；b—海沟和弧前盆地U-Pb 年龄频率分布直方图；c—前陆盆地（C1）U-Pb 年龄频率分布直方图；d—被动大陆边缘U-Pb 年龄频率分布直方图；e—弧后盆地U-Pb 年龄频率分布直方图；f—前陆盆地（C2）U-Pb 年龄频率分布直方图；g—裂谷盆地U-Pb 年龄频率分布直方图；
Figure 8. Relationship between age peaks and tectonic settings of detrital zircon (modified after Cawood et al., 2012)
(a) Tectonic setting and corresponding tectonic units; (b) U–Pb age frequency histogram for the trench and forearc basin; (c) U–Pb age frequency histogram for the foreland basin (C1); (d) U–Pb age frequency histogram for the assive margin; (e) U–Pb age frequency histogram for the backarc basin; (f) U–Pb age frequency histogram for the foreland basin (C2); (g) U–Pb age frequency histogram for a rift basin The red vertical arrows in the figure represent the age of sediment deposition; A–trench and forearc basin; B–backarc basin; C1, C2–foreland basin; D–passive continental margin; E–rift basin
图 9 秦岭造山带构造演化图（据Dong et al.，2022修改）
a—奥陶纪—早泥盆世秦岭造山带构造格局；b—早泥盆世—早石炭世秦岭造山带构造格局；c—早石炭世—早二叠世秦岭造山带构造格局；d—二叠纪之后秦岭造山带构造格局
Figure 9. Tectonic evolution of the Qinling Orogenic Belt (modified after Dong et al., 2022)
(a) Tectonic framework of the Qinling Orogenic Belt from the Ordovician to the Early Devonian; (b) Tectonic framework of the Qinling Orogenic Belt from the Early Devonian to the Early Carboniferous; (c) Tectonic framework of the Qinling Orogenic Belt from the Early Carboniferous to the Early Permian; (d) Tectonic framework of the Qinling Orogenic Belt after the Permian
表 1 岷县寨上地区古生代沉积岩采样位置、岩性特征及年龄特征
Table 1. Sampling locations, lithological characteristics, and age characteristics of Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in the Zhaishang area, Min County
样品号 采样位置 采样地
层时代经/纬度 岩性 碎屑组分特征 峰值年龄/Ma 最年轻峰
值年龄/MaDG4009 国营牛场东北 C1b 34°29′50.68″N/
104°18′04.94″E土黄色砂岩 颗粒棱角分明，主要为棱角状—次棱角状石英、斜长石，
含一定量岩屑，次棱角状—次圆状；钙质胶结419、818、1901和
2517390 DG4011 国营牛场西南 D3sl2 34°28′57.01″N/
104°16′57.46″E灰色砂岩 颗粒棱角分明，主要为次棱角状石英、斜长石；含有一定
量的岩屑和少量云母；钙质胶结450、832、1749和
2525450 DG4014 毛茨沟口义东北 D3sl2 34°28′36.91″N/
104°16′32.13″E灰色砂岩 颗粒棱角分明，主要为次棱角状石英、斜长石；含有一定
量的岩屑和少量云母；钙质胶结434、784、1228、
1826和2430392 DG0026 大滩子东南 P1sl2 34°34′57.33″N/
104°17′23.94″E土黄色中
粗粒砂岩颗粒棱角明显，以石英和斜长石为主，为次棱角状，含有
一定量的岩屑和少量云母；钙质胶结443、738、932和
2511443 注：C1b—巴都组；D3sl2—双狼沟组上段；P1sl2—十里墩组中段 
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