Geological environment and main geological safety challenges in the northern segment of the southeast Xizang (Tibet) power transmission corridor
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摘要: 藏东南地区独特的地形地貌和气候条件特点，使之蕴藏着非常丰富的水电资源。为保障藏东南输电走廊北线的地质选线、建设和运营工作，文章通过归纳总结国内外文献资料，详细阐述了输电走廊北线沿线区域地质环境和主要地质安全隐患，并对藏东南输电走廊进一步灾害识别与监测工作提出了合理建议。结果表明：藏东南输电走廊沿线构造活动强烈、活动断裂发育、强震频发、地形地貌差异显著、岩土体结构损伤和劣化等独特的区域地质环境，极易诱发地质安全隐患；藏东南输电走廊北线的地质安全隐患主要包括滑坡、崩塌、泥石流、雪（冰）崩、冰湖溃决和冻胀融沉等；沿线地质安全隐患的发育受控于极高陡的地形和复杂的地貌条件、升温融雪气候变化、强烈的断裂活动与频发的地震、内外动力耦合诱发的高位远程灾害链等因素；深入融合InSAR技术、光学遥感、无人机摄影测量、机载LiDAR技术和在线实地监测等软防控手段的优势，可以有效打破藏东南输电走廊沿线灾害隐患错判、漏判、少判、智能化程度低和精准性差等困局。研究结果将为藏东南地区水电开发项目规划建设中的地质安全风险防控工作提供理论依据，也对藏东南地区可持续发展具有重要的现实意义。Abstract:
Objective Southeast Xizang(Tibet) boasts a wealth of hydroelectric resources, attributed to its distinctive topography, geomorphology, and climatic conditions. This study aims to safeguard the geological route selection, construction, and operation of the northern segment of the southeast Xizang(Tibet) power transmission corridor. Methods We conduct a comprehensive review of literature from both domestic and international sources, and elaborate extensively the regional geological conditions and significant geological safety challenges encountered along the corridor. Furthermore, this study presents sound recommendations for the further disaster identification and monitoring of the southeast Xizang(Tibet) power transmission corridor. Results The results are: (1)The transmission corridor in southeast Xizang(Tibet) exhibits pronounced structural activity, well-developed active faults, frequent strong seismic events, notable variations in topography and geomorphology, and distinctive regional geological conditions characterized by structural degradation of rock and soil; all of which have the potential to cause geological safety challenges. (2)The primary geological safety challenges in the northern section of the southeast Xizang(Tibet) power transmission corridor include landslides, collapses, debris flows, snow (ice) avalanches, glacial lake outburst floods, and frost heave settlements. (3)The development of geological safety issues along the route is controlled by extremely steep topography, complex geomorphological conditions, warming and snowmelt due to climate change, intense fault activity, frequent earthquakes, as well as the coupling of internal and external dynamics that induce high-altitude and long-distance disaster chains. Conclusion By deeply integrating the advantages of soft measures including InSAR technology, optical remote sensing, UAV photogrammetry, airborne LiDAR technology, and online field monitoring the issues of misinterpretation, oversight, and imprecision in hazard assessment for the southeast Xizang(Tibet) power transmission corridor can be effectively overcome. Significance The research establishes a theoretical foundation for the prevention and control of geological safety risks in the planning and implementation of hydroelectric projects in southeast Xizang(Tibet), holding substantial practical value for the sustainable development of the region. -
图 1 青藏高原构造简图及输电走廊位置
Figure 1. Tectonic sketch of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the location of the power transmission corridor
图 2 藏东南输电走廊沿线主要活动断裂与历史地震（MS≥6.0）分布
MTF—墨脱断裂；APLF—阿帕龙断裂；YZF—雅鲁藏布江断裂；CYF—察隅断裂；JLF—嘉黎断裂；BBLF—边坝−洛隆断裂；NJF—怒江断裂；LCF—澜沧江断裂；JSF—金沙江断裂；MSF—麦宿断裂；BQLF—巴青−类乌齐断裂；XSF—鲜水河断裂；LTF—理塘断裂；YNF—玉农希断裂；ANF—安宁河断裂；DLF—大凉山断裂；JPF—锦屏山断裂；ZDF—字嘎寺−德钦断裂
Figure 2. Distribution of major active faults and historical earthquakes (MS≥6.0) along the southeast Xizang (Tibet) power transmission corridor
MTF—Muotuo Fault; APLF—Apalong Fault; YZF—Yarlung Zangbo Jiang Fault; CYF—Chayu Fault; JLF—Jiali Fault; BLF—Bianba-Luolong Fault; NJF—Nujiang Fault; LCF—Lancang River Fault; JSF—Jinsha River Fault; MSF—Maisu Fault; BLF—Baqing-Leiwuqi Fault; XSF—Xianshuihe Fault; LTF—Litang Fault; YNF—Yunongxi Fault; ANF—Anninghe Fault; DLF—Daliangshan Fault; JPF—Jinpingshan Fault; ZDF—Zigasi-Deqin Fault
图 3 藏东南输电走廊地形地貌及主要河流分布
Figure 3. Topography and distribution of major rivers in the southeast Xizang(Tibet) power transmission corridor
图 4 藏东南输电走廊地形剖面
Figure 4. Topographic profile of the southeast Xizang(Tibet) power transmission corridor
图 5 藏东南输电走廊沿线主要地质安全隐患的形成示意图
Figure 5. Formation of major geological safety problems along the power transmission corridor in southeast Xizang(Tibet)
图 6 藏东南输电走廊沿线滑坡和崩塌灾害的分布（滑坡和崩塌的分布数据来源于王盈等，2019）
Figure 6. Distribution of landslide and collapse hazards along the power transmission corridor in southeast Xizang(Tibet) (the source of the landslide and collapse distribution data is Wang et al., 2019)
图 7 藏东南输电走廊沿线典型高位远程滑坡
Ⅰ—高位起滑区；Ⅱ—高速流通区；Ⅲ—堆积区a—易贡滑坡；b—烂泥沟滑坡；c—察达滑坡；d—乱石包滑坡
Figure 7. Typical long run-out landslides along the power transmission corridor in southeast Xizang(Tibet)
(a) Yigong landslide; (b) Lannigou landslide; (c) Chada landslide; (d) Luanshibao landslideⅠ—High-altitude uplift area; Ⅱ—High-speed movement area; Ⅲ—Accumulation area
图 8 藏东南输电走廊沿线泥石流灾害的分布（泥石流分布数据来源于王盈等，2019）
Figure 8. Distribution of debris flow hazard along the power transmission corridor in southeast Xizang(Tibet) (the source of the debris flow distribution data is Wang et al., 2019)
图 9 藏东南输电走廊沿线典型泥石流的光学影像
a—古乡沟泥石流；b—天摩沟泥石流；c—色东普泥石流；d—培龙沟泥石流；e—米堆沟泥石流；f—直白沟泥石流
Figure 9. Optical images of typical debris flows along the power transmission corridor in southeast Xizang(Tibet)
(a) Guxiang gully debris flow; (b) Tianmo gully debris flow; (c) Sedongpu debris flow; (d) Peilong gully debris flow; (e) Midui gully debris flow; (f) Zhibai gully debris flow
图 10 青藏高原高山区不同因素诱发雪崩的占比（据郝建盛等，2021修改）
Figure 10. Percentage of avalanches induced by different factors in the high mountainous areas of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (modified from Hao et al., 2021)
图 11 藏东南输电走廊沿线及邻区冰湖和冰湖溃决分布（冰湖分布数据来源于陈宁生等，2019）
Figure 11. Distribution of glacial lakes and glacial lake outbursts along the southeast Xizang(Tibet) power transmission corridor and neighboring areas (the glacial lake distribution data are from Chen et al., 2019)
图 12 藏东南输电走廊沿线冻土分布（冻土分布数据来源于冉有华和李新，2018）
Figure 12. Distribution of frozen soil along the southeast Xizang(Tibet) power transmission corridor (the frozen soil distribution data are from Ran and Li, 2018)
图 13 高山峡谷地貌中滑坡、崩塌和泥石流等灾害的演化机制（据Zhao et al.，2023修改）
Figure 13. Evolution mechanisms of disasters such as landslides, collapses, and debris flows in alpine canyon landforms (modified from Zhao et al., 2023)
图 14 近60年藏东南地区典型气象站点年降雨/年均温变化（气象数据来源于余国安等，2024）
Figure 14. Variations in annual precipitation and mean annual air temperature over the past six decades at typical meteorological stations in southeast Xizang(Tibet) (the meteorological data are from Yu et al., 2024)
图 15 岩（冰/雪）崩−滑坡−碎屑流−冰湖溃决−洪水−泥石流灾害链演化过程（据Westoby et al.，2014修改）
Figure 15. Evolution of the rock (ice/snow)-landslide-debris flow-glacial lake outburst-flood-mudslide hazard chain (modified from Westoby et al., 2014)
图 16 不同地质安全隐患对输电设施的影响示意
a—高位崩滑；b—崩滑；c—冰湖溃决；d—冻胀融沉
Figure 16. Schematic representation of the impact of different geological safety problems on transmission towers
(a) High-position avalanche; (b) Avalanche and landslide; (c) Glacial lake outburst; (d) Frost heave settlement
图 17 天−空−地一体化灾害识别、监测与预警技术体系（据许强等，2019修改）
Figure 17. Integrated sky-space-earth hazard identification, monitoring, and early warning technology system (modified from Xu et al., 2019)
表 1 藏东南输电走廊主要活动断裂一览表
Table 1. List of major active faults in the southeast Xizang(Tibet) power transmission corridor
序号 断裂名称 断裂性质 活动时代 与地震的关系 水平速度/
（mm/a）垂直速度/
（mm/a）参考资料 1 雅鲁藏布江断裂东段 右旋走滑 全新世 引起墨脱及邻区多次发生强震 6.0~7.0 1.0~4.0 唐方头等，2010 2 墨脱断裂 右旋走滑/逆冲 全新世 1950年察隅8.6级地震 — — 王晓楠等，2018 3 嘉黎断裂东段 右旋走滑 全新世 2017年米林6.9级地震 1.3 2.9 李鸿儒等，2021；赵远方等，2021 4 察隅断裂 左旋走滑 全新世 第四纪晚期至少发生了5次古地震事件 2.0～4.0 5.1～6.2 钟宁等，2021 5 边坝−洛隆断裂 左旋走滑 全新世 1642年洛隆7.0级地震和1791年边坝 63/4级地震 — — 韩明明等，2022 6 怒江断裂 右旋走滑 晚更新世 1930年腾冲6.0级地震；1950年益庆5.5级地震 3.2~6.4 3.9~5.7 钟宁等，2022 7 巴青−类乌齐断裂 走滑/逆冲推覆 全新世 2020年丁青5.1级地震 0.9~1.7 1.0~1.6 Ren et al.， 2022 8 澜沧江断裂 逆断 全新世 尚无6级以上的地震记录 2.7~4.6 1.7~2.0 Ren et al.， 2022 9 金沙江断裂 右旋走滑/逆倾滑 晚更新世 1950年扎西8.6级地震；1976年陆良7.2级地震 3.3～4.1 0.2 Ren et al.， 2022 10 巴塘断裂 右旋走滑 全新世 1870年巴塘71/4级地震 3.0~4.0 — 徐正宣等，2021；杨志华等，2021 11 理塘断裂德巫段 左旋走滑兼逆冲 全新世 1948年理塘7.3级地震 3.2~4.4 0.1 徐锡伟等，2005 12 安宁河断裂北段 左旋走滑兼逆断 全新世 1952年冕宁石龙6.8级地震 3.1～3.3 1.5～1.7 周荣军等，2001 13 大凉山断裂 左旋走滑 全新世 1944年昭觉51/4级地震 3.0~4.0 — 孙浩越等，2015 14 玉农希断裂 左旋走滑 全新世 1975年康定6.2级地震 1.0~2.0 <1.0 马超，2013 15 锦屏山断裂 逆断 晚更新世 历史上无6.0级以上地震 — <1.0 吴俊杰，2022 
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