A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE ORE-CONTROLLING STRUCTURE IN TIANYU NICKEL DEPOSIT, EASTERN TIANSHAN MOUNTAINS, NW CHINA
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摘要: 天宇铜镍矿床位于塔里木板块之中天山地块东南缘,铜镍矿床主要受康古尔断裂和雅满苏断裂控制。矿区及外围主要出露中元古界的一套中、深变质岩系,次为上古生界一套火山熔岩、火山碎屑岩;褶皱构造和断裂构造比较发育,以北东东向为特征,白虎关复背斜是区内一级褶皱构造,砂泉子断裂(雅满苏断裂在区内的部分)是区内一级断裂构造;片麻岩及变形花岗岩中各种片麻状与眼球状构造非常发育,反映遭受了区域性韧性变形。详细的地表地质与坑道调查显示,矿区内以断裂构造为特征,主要有北东向断裂和近南北(北北东)向断裂,其中一部分北东向断裂控制含镍矿超基性岩体的侵位和展布,继而控制镍矿体的分布;近南北(北北东)向断裂主要为成矿后断裂,对含矿超基性岩体及镍矿起左行断错和破坏作用。但是在天宇镍矿区断错有限,主矿体比较完整,没有被明显断错。在1350 m采矿中段镍矿体的突然尖灭不是南北向断裂断错造成的,而是含矿超基性岩体内镍矿化不均匀的自然尖灭结果。此研究成果对于东天山地区乃至国内同类型铜镍矿床的构造控矿作用分析、矿山采矿工程部署等具有重要的启示。Abstract: Tianyu nickel deposit is located in southeastern margin of east Tianshan block of the Trim Plate. It is closely related between the ore resource and the tectonics in east Tianshan area, while the Cu-Ni deposits are mainly controlled by regional deep-major fault zone (Kangguer fault and Yamansu Fault et al). The mainly outcropped lithology are medium-hypo metamorphic rocks of middle Proterozoic group and secoundarily are volcanic rocks and pyroclastic rocks of upper Paleozoic group in Tianyu deposit and its vicinity. Folds and faults are well developed with NEE-trending extension in the area, in which, Baihuguan composite anticline is a first-order fold and Shaquanzi fault (as a part of the Yanmansu fault) is a first-order fault. Gneissoid and augen structures of metamorphic rocks or deformed granites are also well developed, which indicates that ductile deformation had occurred. Detailed surface geology and tunnel survey reveal that, there mainly are NE-trending and SN(NNE)-trending faults in ore area. Some of the NE-trending faults control on the Ni ore body by means of controlling the emplacement and distribution of the Ni-bearing ultra-basic rocks. The SN(NNE)-trending faults developed and became active after the forming of the Ni ore body, and often offset ultra-basic rock and Ni ore body with sinistral sense of displacement. Nevertheless, there isn't an obvious sinistral sense of Ni ore body by SN(NNE)-trending faults in Tianyu ore area, and the main Ni ore body is complete and entire. The lens out of Ni ore body at northeast of CM12 on 1350m level was not caused by F8 fault, but resulting from a nature pinching out because of inhomogeneous nickel mineralization in ore-bearing ultra-basic rocks. The results of this study have important implications for the analysis of ore-controlling structure in eastern Tianshan mountains and all domestic copper-nickel deposits as well as the deployment of mining projects.
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图 1 东天山地区大地构造格架与矿产分布图(据文献[1]修编)
1—吐哈盆地;2—大南湖-头苏泉古生代岛弧;3康古尔塔格古生代蛇绿混杂岩带及韧性剪切带;4—阿奇山-雅满苏晚古生代裂谷;5—中天山岩浆弧;6—地质界线;7—板块俯冲带;8—大断裂;9—铜镍矿;10—多金属矿;11—铁铜矿;12—铜矿/金矿
Figure 1. Sketch map of tectonics and ore deposits in the eastern Tianshan Mountains, NW China
图 2 东天山天宇镍矿及外围地质图
Q—第四系;C2d—石炭系上统底坎尔组;C1y—石炭系下统雅满苏组;Jx—蓟县系;Chxc—长城系星星峡组上亚组;Chxb—长城系星星峡组中亚组;Chxa—长城系星星峡组下亚组;βμ43—华力西晚期辉绿玢岩;γ42—华力西中期花岗岩;γδ42—华力西中期花岗闪长岩;δ42—华力西中期闪长岩;λπ42—华力西中期石英斑岩;γ41—华力西早期花岗岩;δ41—华力西早期闪长岩;ν41—华力西早期辉长岩;γ3—加里东期花岗岩;1—地质界线;2—断层;3—背斜构造;4—片麻理;5—产状;6—天宇矿区(图 5位置)
Figure 2. Geological map of Tianyu nickel deposit and its vicinity in eastern Tianshan Mountains
图 3 天宇镍矿外围沙泉子断裂、变质岩与变形花岗岩中眼球状及片麻状构造露头照片
a—砂泉子断裂地貌特点和断错褪色破碎带,T24地质点,镜头向北东东;b—图片(a)的局部放大,沙泉子断裂断层退色破碎带中发育明显的片理化,T24地质点,镜头向北东东;c—红柳沟断裂北西侧中酸性火山岩中韧性变形带,T02地质点北,镜头向南西下;d—红柳沟断裂北西侧中酸性火山岩中韧性变形带,T02地质点北,镜头向北西下;e—眼球状糜棱片麻岩, 眼球具有定向, S-C组构指示右行, 天宇—星星峡剖面T53-2地质点, 镜头向南下;f—弱片麻状花岗岩中捕虏体拉长并呈70°方向定向排列,矿区2线北西,T16地质点,镜头向下
Figure 3. Photographs showing the Shaquanzi fault and gneissoid and augen structures of metamorphic rocks in Tianyu nickel doposit and its visinity
图 4 天宇镍矿外围褶皱构造图
a—矿区地质构造图,岩性说明同图 2,1—地质界线,2—断裂,3—高级别区域背斜,4—低级别背形和向形,5—片麻理,6—产状;b—不对称小褶皱反映上层向北向上的相对运动,指示背形构造在北侧,向形构造在南侧,T64地质点,镜头向东下;c—矿区东南,片麻岩中S形褶皱,反映上层向南向上的相对运动,指示背形构造在南侧,向形构造在北侧,T91地质点,镜头向西下;d—黑云斜长片麻岩及其中顺片麻岩理的层间褶皱,反映北侧左行逆冲,指示背形构造在南侧,向形构造在北侧,T29点,镜头向北西下;e—黑云斜长片麻岩中发育多个小褶皱转折端,枢纽向南西西倾伏,指示位于高一级别褶皱转折端附近的南东翼,T36点,镜头向南西;f—片麻岩中的不对称褶皱指示向形构造在北西侧,背形构造在南东侧,T51点,镜头向南西;g—长城系星星峡组眼球状片麻岩中的褶皱构造,反映北侧相对上升层间活动,指示低级别向形在北侧,背形在南侧,T09点,镜头向东
Figure 4. Maps showing folds in Tianyu nickel deposit and its vicinity, eastern Tianshan Mountains
图 7 天宇镍矿区北北东向断层(F9)的地貌特征和构造破碎带
a—F9断裂地表沟谷和鞍形地貌,断错片麻状花岗岩与角闪斜长片麻岩的岩性界线,T102点,镜头向北东;b—F9断裂构造破碎带,次级裂隙指示剖面上为东侧上升的逆冲,破碎带及两侧发育绿泥石化,TC2001北东壁(T102点), 镜头向北东;c—F9断裂构造破碎带局部放大,绿泥石化发育,TC2001南西壁(T102点),镜头向南西
Figure 7. Photographs showing the morphostructure and the fracture zone of the NNE-trending fault(F9) in Tianyu nickel ore area
图 8 天宇镍矿区北北东向断层(F20)的变形特征
a—1350 m采矿中段CM10穿脉巷道与运输巷岔口北东8 m,矿体南侧主构造带,顶板照片(已翻转);b—1350 m采矿中段CM8穿脉巷道工业矿体与南侧边界断层破碎带,破碎带内有矿体和含矿辉长岩,南侧(左)仍有矿化,坑壁照片,镜头向南西;c—1400 m采矿中段CM7穿脉巷道与运输巷岔口顶板构造带,顶板照片(已翻转);d—1400 m采矿中段CM7穿脉巷道与运输巷岔口顶板构造带,顶板照片(已翻转); e—1350 m采矿中段CM10穿脉巷道与运输巷岔口北东16 m,矿体南侧主构造带,顶板照片(已翻转);f—1350 m采矿中段CM9穿脉巷道与运输巷岔口处,矿体南侧主构造带南侧片麻岩发生褶皱,指示右行相对运动,顶板照片(已翻转)
Figure 8. Photographs showing deformation characteristics of the NE-trending fault(F20) in Tianyu nickel ore area
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