青藏高原及周缘近年来典型强震地表破裂特征及其构造指示意义

潘家伟; 李海兵; 刘富财; Marie-Luce Chevalier; 刘栋梁; 卢海建; 陈鹏; 杨少华

doi:10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2026053

青藏高原及周缘近年来典型强震地表破裂特征及其构造指示意义

doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2026053

潘家伟^{1, 2, 3, 4,},
李海兵^{1, 2, 3, 4, ,},
刘富财^{2, 3, 4,},
Marie-Luce Chevalier^{1, 2, 3, 4},
刘栋梁^{2, 3, 4,},
卢海建^{1, 2, 3, 4,},
陈鹏^{2, 3, 4,},
杨少华^{2, 3, 4,}

1.
深地探测与矿产勘查全国重点实验室，北京 100094
2.
自然资源部大陆动力学重点实验室，北京 100037
3.
江苏东海大陆深孔地壳活动国家野外科学观测研究站，江苏连云港 222300
4.
中国地质科学院地质研究所，北京 100037

基金项目: 科技部科技基础资源调查专项（2021FY100101）；国家自然科学基金项目（42372274，42325207）；中国地质调查局地质调查项目（DD20240100703）

详细信息

作者简介:
潘家伟（1983—），男，博士，研究员，从事活动构造与地震地质研究。Email：jiawei-pan@foxmail.com

通讯作者:
李海兵（1966—），男，博士，研究员，从事活动构造与断裂作用研究。Email：lihaibing06@163.com

中图分类号: P315.2；P542
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- HTML全文浏览量: 17
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2026-05-12
- 修回日期: 2026-05-30
- 录用日期: 2026-05-31
- 预出版日期: 2026-06-03
- 刊出日期: 2026-06-28

Characteristics of surface ruptures produced by recent major earthquakes on the Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding areas, and their tectonic implications

PAN Jiawei^{1, 2, 3, 4
,},
LI Haibing^{1, 2, 3, 4
, ,},
LIU Fucai^{2, 3, 4
,},
CHEVALIER Marie-Luce^{1, 2, 3, 4},
LIU Dongliang^{2, 3, 4
,},
LU Haijian^{1, 2, 3, 4
,},
CHEN Peng^{2, 3, 4
,},
YANG Shaohua^{2, 3, 4
,}

1.
State Key Laboratory of Deep Earth and Mineral Exploration, Beijing 100094, China
2.
Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics of Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100037, China
3.
National field observation and research station (Jiangsu Donghai) for continental deep hole crustal activity, Lianyungang 222300, Jiangsu, China
4.
Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China

Funds: This research was financially supported by Special Project on Basic Resources Investigation of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Grant No. 2021FY100101), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 42372274 and 42325207), and the China Geological Survey Project of the China Geological Survey (Grant No. DD20240100703).

摘要

摘要: 同震地表破裂是确定发震构造、揭示地壳变形机制和评估地震风险的关键依据。为认识青藏高原不同类型断层活动的地表变形与灾害发育特征，并揭示近年来一系列强震所反映的青藏高原现今地壳变形规律，在地表调查的基础上，系统整理和分析了青藏高原及周边地区2021年以来发生的5次M>6.5地震的地表破裂特征。以2021年M_W 7.4玛多、2022年M_W 6.6门源/M_W 6.6泸定、2024年M_W 7.0乌什和2025年M_W 7.1定日地震为典型震例，综合遥感解译、野外调查和无人机摄影测量结果，并结合地震学与大地测量学数据，精细解析了上述震例的地表破裂及同震位移分布特征。结果显示：走滑型的玛多和门源地震分别形成了长约150~160 km和22~31 km的同震地表破裂带，最大同震地表位移量分别为~3.6 m和~3.7 m，但同为走滑型的泸定地震仅在二台子发现长约450 m的地表破裂；逆冲型的乌什地震主震未产生同震地表破裂，但M_W 5.7强余震形成了近5 km长、最大垂直位移约1.7 m的同震地表破裂带；正断型的定日地震形成了长约25~36.5 km、最大垂直位移约2.7 m的同震地表破裂带。综合区域强震的时空分布特征显示，在2022年泸定地震前，青藏高原强震主要围绕巴颜喀拉活动地块周缘发生丛集活动，此后发生的乌什地震和定日地震均远离巴颜喀拉地块，可能指示该活动地块的强震丛集期已经结束。进一步结合震源机制解结果可知，青藏高原及周缘近年来的中—强地震事件中，走滑型地震占主导地位，这可能与青藏高原现今地壳变形主要以活动块体沿大型走滑断裂带发生侧向挤出的方式进行调节与吸收有关。上述研究结果可为青藏高原地区地震监测预警、防震减灾工作及区域重大工程的规划建设与抗震设防等提供基础数据与参考。
- 青藏高原 /
- 强震 /
- 同震地表破裂 /
- 同震位错 /
- 活动断裂
Abstract: Objective Coseismic surface ruptures provide key evidence for identifying the seismogenic structures of earthquakes, elucidating crustal deformation mechanisms, and assessing seismic hazards. To understand the surface deformation and disaster development characteristics associated with different types of fault activity on the Tibetan Plateau, and to reveal the current crustal deformation patterns reflected by a series of strong earthquakes in recent years, we systematically compiled and analyzed the surface rupture characteristics of five M>6.5 earthquakes that have occurred on the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding areas since 2021, based on field surveys. Methods We used the 2021 M_W 7.4 Maduo, 2022 M_W 6.6 Menyuan, 2022 M_W 6.6 Luding, 2024 M_W 7.0 Wushi, and 2025 M_W7.1 Dingri earthquakes as representative cases. We integrated results from remote sensing interpretation, field surveys, and UAV photogrammetry, as well as seismological and geodetic data, to conduct a detailed analysis of the surface rupture and coseismic displacement distribution characteristics of these events. Results The strike-slip Maduo and Menyuan earthquakes formed coseismic surface rupture zones approximately 150~160 km and 22~31 km long, respectively, with maximum coseismic surface displacements of ~3.6 m and ~3.7 m. Contrastingly, the Luding earthquake, also a strike-slip event, exhibited a surface rupture only ~450 m long at Ertaizi. The strong, M_W 5.7 aftershock of the thrust-type Wushi earthquake generated a coseismic surface rupture zone ~5 km long with a maximum vertical displacement of ~1.7 m, while the normal-fault-type Dingri earthquake formed a coseismic surface rupture zone 25~36.5 km long with a maximum vertical displacement of ~2.7 m. Conclusions A comprehensive analysis of the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of major regional earthquakes indicates that, prior to the 2022 Luding earthquake, major earthquakes on the Tibetan Plateau were primarily clustered around the periphery of the active Bayan Har block. The subsequent Wushi and Dingri earthquakes both occurred far from the Bayan Har block, suggesting that the clustering period of major earthquakes in this active block may have ended. Further analysis of focal mechanism solutions indicates that strike-slip earthquakes have dominated recent moderate-to-strong seismic events on the Tibetan Plateau and its periphery. This may be related to the fact that current crustal deformation on the Tibetan Plateau is primarily regulated and absorbed through the lateral extrusion of active blocks along large strike-slip fault zones. Significance The above research findings provide fundamental data and references for earthquake early warning, disaster prevention and mitigation, as well as the planning, construction, and seismic design of major regional engineering projects in the Tibetan Plateau region.
- Tibetan Plateau /
- strong earthquake /
- coseismic surface rupture /
- coseismic displacement /
- active fault
注释:
Author’s Contributions:
PAN Jiawei and LI Haibing conceived the study, performed data analysis, designed the research methodology, and drafted the manuscript; LIU Fucai and CHEVALIER Marie-Luce participated in data analysis, practical application of technical approaches, and figure generation; LIU Dongliang, LU Haijian, CHEN Peng, and YANG Shaohua were involved in data analysis, refinement of the research methodology, and manuscript revision. All authors have read and approved the submission and publication of the manuscript.
Conflict of Interests:
All authors declare no conflict of interests.

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图 1 青藏高原及周缘地区活动断裂和1970年以来6级以上地震分布图

活动断裂分布图据Tapponnier et al.，2001修改；震源机制数据下载自全球矩心矩张量目录（https://www.globalcmt.org/）

Figure 1. Map of active faults and distribution of M ≥ 6 earthquakes (since 1970) in the Tibetan Plateau and adjacent areas

Active faults are adopted from Tapponnier et al. (2001); Earthquake and focal mechanism data are from Global Centroid-Moment-Tensor (GCMT; https://www.globalcmt.org/).

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图 2 玛多地震地表破裂与同震位移量分布图

a—玛多地震地表破裂带与区域活动断层分布图；b—玛多地震同震位错量分布及其与光学卫星影像匹配结果的对比

Figure 2. Distribution of coseismic surface ruptures and coseismic displacements for the Maduo earthquake

(a) Distribution of coseismic surface ruptures for the Maduo earthquake and regional active faults; (b) Distribution of coseismic displacements for the Maduo earthquake and a comparison with results from optical satellite image correlation

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图 3 玛多地震典型地表破裂现象

a—地表破裂带西段无人机正射影像；b—地表破裂带中东段右阶雁列的张裂隙和剪切断层；c—地表破裂带东段相间分布的剪切破裂和挤压鼓包；d—最大同震走滑位移量（3.6±0.2 m）LiDAR测量结果；e—野外照片显示线性排列的电线杆被左行错开3.6±0.2 m

Figure 3. Typical coseismic surface ruptures produced by the 2021 Maduo earthquake

(a) UAV orthophoto showing spectacular surface ruptures along the western segment of the rupture zone; (b) Right-stepping en-echelon extensional cracks and shear faults along the eastern central segment of the rupture zone; (c) Alternating shear faults and push-ups along the eastern segment of the rupture zone; (d) Terrestrial LiDAR measurement showing the maximum coseismic sinistral displacement (3.6 ± 0.2 m) observed in the field; (e) Field photo showing aligned electricity poles sinistrally offset by 3.6 ± 0.2 m

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图 4 门源地震地表破裂与同震位移量分布图

a—门源地震地表破裂带与区域活动断层分布图；b—门源地震同震位错量分布及其与光学卫星影像匹配结果的对比

Figure 4. Distribution of coseismic surface ruptures and coseismic displacements for the Menyuan earthquake

(a) Distribution of co-sesmic surface ruptures for the Menyuan earthquake and regional active faults; (b) Distribution of coseismic displacements for the Menyuan earthquake and a comparison with results from optical satellite image correlation

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图 5 门源地震典型地表破裂现象

a—地表破裂造成的兰新高铁破坏（红色箭头指示地表破裂带位置）；b—硫磺沟西侧山坡上右阶雁列张裂隙与其间左阶雁列挤压鼓包组合成的同震地表破裂指示左行走滑运动性质；c—大西沟北侧托莱山段地表破裂现象；d—地基LiDAR测量结果显示兰新高铁大梁隧道被左行错断4.0±0.2 m，并伴随~30 cm的垂直位错；e—以线性排列的牧场围栏为标志物，在地表测得的3.7±0.1 m最大同震位错量

Figure 5. Typical coseismic surface ruptures produced by the 2022 Menyuan earthquake

(a) Damage to the Lanzhou–Xinjiang Railway caused by surface rupture, with red arrows indicating the location of the surface rupture zone; (b) Coseismic surface ruptures along a mountain slope west of Liuhuanggou valley, consisting of alternating right-stepping en-echelon tension cracks and left-stepping push-ups, indicating left-lateral strike-slip motion; (c) Surface ruptures along the Tuolaishan segment, located north of Daxigou; (d) Terrestrial LiDAR measurements show that the Daliang tunnel of the Lanzhou–Xinjiang Railway was left-lateral displaced by 4.0 ± 0.2 m, accompanied by a vertical displacement of ~30 cm; (e) The maximum coseismic displacement of 3.7 ± 0.1 m measured along the surface rupture zone, using aligned ranch fences as markers

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图 6 泸定地震发震断裂、地表破裂与次生地质灾害图

a—泸定地震发震断裂与余震分布图；b—湾东村山体垮塌将楼房掩埋；c—磨西断裂长期活动形成的坡中平台；d—二台子附近长约450 m的地表破裂展布；e—二台子附近右阶雁行状排列张裂隙组成的地表破裂带

Figure 6. Seismogenic fault, surface ruptures, and induced geological hazards of the 2022 Luding earthquake

(a) Distribution of the seismogenic fault and aftershocks; (b) Landslide in Wandong Village, burying a building; (c) A platform in the mountain slope formed by long-term activity of the Moxi Fault; (d) Distribution of the ~450 m long coseismic surface rupture extending at Ertaizi; (e) Field photo showing the surface ruptures at Ertaizi, consisting of right-stepping en-echelon tension cracks

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图 7 乌什地震M_W 5.7强余震地表破裂与同震位移量分布图

a—乌什地震M_W 5.7强余震InSAR形变图像与同震地表破裂分布图；b—同震地表破裂带无人机正射影像； c—同震垂直位移量分布及其与InSAR形变观测结果的对比

Figure 7. Distribution of coseismic surface ruptures and coseismic displacements of the M_W 5.7 aftershock in the 2024 Wushi earthquake sequence

(a) InSAR pixel offset deformation map with coseismic surface ruptures marked in red; (b) Orthophoto of the ~4.7 km-long coseismic surface rupture zone captured with an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV); (c) Distribution of coseismic vertical displacements (blue lines) compared with InSAR deformation results (gray shadow)

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图 8 乌什地震M_W 5.7强余震典型地表破裂图像

a—破裂带南西段山坡上由南东向北西逆冲的断层陡坎；b—新鲜的逆断层陡坎显示山脊被垂直错断~95 cm； c—破裂带北东段恰勒马提苏河床中高约72 cm的逆断层陡坎； d—破裂带北东段松散沉积中的挤压鼓包

Figure 8. Typical surface rupture of the M_W 5.7 aftershock of the Wushi earthquake sequence

(a) The reverse fault scarp on the hillside along the southwestern segment of the rupture zone, showing clear northwestward thrusting; (b) A fresh reverse fault scarp, showing a vertical displacement of ~95 cm along the ridge crest; (c) A reverse fault scarp ~72 cm high in the riverbed of the Qialemati River along the northeastern segment of the rupture zone; (d) A thrust bulge in loose sediments along the northeastern segment of the rupture zone

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图 9 定日地震同震地表破裂与同震位移分布图

a—定日地震同震地表变形带分布图； b—沿2025年定日地震地表破裂带的同震位移分布

Figure 9. Distribution of coseismic surface ruptures and coseismic displacements for the Dingri earthquake

(a) Distribution of coseismic surface deformation of the Dingri earthquake; (b) Distribution of coseismic displacements of the 2025 Dingri earthquake

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图 10 定日地震典型同震地表变形现象野外照片

a—尼辖错北东侧沿袭先存断裂线性分布的同震地表破裂，主要由西倾的正断层陡坎组成；b—丁木错东侧沿湖岸分布的大规模浅层次生地表变形； c—尼辖错段高度大于2 m的新鲜破裂陡坎； d—尼辖错段地表破裂切割洪积扇和山体，指示断层面倾向西，倾角约50°；e—古荣村段沿先存断层陡坎上发育的90 cm高的新鲜断面； f—尼辖错段砾石印模显示左行走滑位错量约110 cm

Figure 10. Field photographs of typical coseismic surface deformation for the Dingri earthquake

(a) Coseismic surface ruptures along a pre-existing fault scarp northeast of Nixia Co, consisting of fresh west-dipping normal fault scarps; (b) Large-scale superficial secondary surface deformation along the lakeshore on the eastern side of Dingmu Co; (c) Fresh normal fault scarp showing >2-m-high vertical displacement along the Nixia Co surface rupture segment; (d) Surface rupture cuts proluvial fan and hill along the Nixia Co rupture segment, indicating a ~50° west-dipping fault plane; (e) A fresh ~90-cm-high surface rupture developed along a pre-existing fault scarp along the Gurong Village rupture segment; (f) A boulder and its impression along the Nixia Co rupture segment showing a left-lateral displacement of ~110 cm

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图 11 青藏高原及周缘地区1970年以来M_W≥5.0地震震源机制分类统计图

Figure 11. Statistical classification of focal mechanisms for M_W≥5.0 earthquakes in the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding regions since 1970

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表 1 5次典型震例基本信息

Table 1. Basic information of the five typical strong earthquake events discussed in this study

地震	震级	震源深度/km	发震断裂	断裂性质	地表破裂长度/km	最大水平位移量/m	最大垂直位移量/m
2021年玛多地震	M_S 7.4/M_W 7.4	17	江错断裂	左行走滑	150～160	3.60 ± 0.20	−
2022年门源地震	M_S 6.9/M_W 6.6	10	冷龙岭断裂、托莱山断裂	左行走滑	22～31	3.70 ± 0.10	−
2022年泸定地震	M_S 6.8/M_W 6.6	16	磨西断裂	左行走滑	～0.45	−	−
2024年乌什地震强余震	M_W 5.7	~2	迈丹断裂反冲断层	逆冲	～5	−	1.7 ± 0.1
2025年定日地震	M_S 6.8/M_W 7.1	10	丁木错断裂	左行正断	25～36.5	1.10 ± 0.05	2.7 ± 0.6

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