Impact of middle to late Triassic climate change on organic matter enrichment in hydrocarbon source rocks of the Chang 7 Member, Yanchang Formation, southeastern Ordos Basin
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摘要: 中—晚三叠世是地球历史上关键的气候转型期，期间发生的多次全球湿润气候事件对海洋和陆地沉积环境产生了深远影响，促进了海相与陆相烃源岩的发育。以鄂尔多斯盆地东南地区延长组7段（长7段）烃源岩为研究对象，基于元素地球化学和分子有机地球化学分析，揭示了中—晚三叠世气候湿润事件与湖盆有机质富集的耦合关系。研究结果显示，长7段3亚段中—下段具有高有机碳含量和良好的生烃能力，化学风化指数表明长7段3亚段中—下段沉积于温暖潮湿气候环境，而上覆长7段3亚段上段及长7段2亚段和1亚段则沉积于相对寒冷干燥气候条件。结合中—晚三叠世全球湿润气候事件特征、鄂尔多斯盆地东南地区长7段地层孢粉地层格架、锆石定年结果以及碳同位素地层对比发现，长7段3亚段中—下段与中—晚三叠世拉丁−卡尼期湿润气候事件具有良好对应关系。研究表明，在湿润气候事件影响下，陆源营养物质输入的增强提高了湖泊初级生产力，同时水体缺氧和分层加剧，为有机质保存创造了有利条件，沉积了优质烃源岩；而湿润气候事件之后，气候向较干冷转变，陆源输入减少，湖泊生产力下降，水体缺氧程度降低，不利于有机质的保存和富集。该研究不仅为中—晚三叠世古气候和古环境重建提供了依据，也为理解地质历史时期气候转折期背景下有机质富集机制提供了重要参考。Abstract:
Objective The middle to late Triassic was a period of critical climatic transition in Earth's history. Multiple global humid climate events during this time profoundly impacted both marine and terrestrial depositional environments, facilitating the development of marine and continental source rocks. Methods This study focuses on the hydrocarbon source rocks of the seventh member of the Yanchang Formation (Chang 7 Member) in the southeastern Ordos Basin. Based on integrated elemental geochemical and molecular organic geochemical analyses, this study explores the relationship between middle to late Triassic humid climatic events and organic matter enrichment in lacustrine settings. Results The lower to middle interval of Submember 3 of Chang 7 Member (695–660 m in depth) is characterized by high total organic carbon content and good hydrocarbon generation potential. Chemical weathering indices indicate that this interval was deposited underwarmer and more humid climatic conditions, while the overlying upper portion of Submember 3 and Submembers 2 and 1 were deposited under cooler and drier conditions. By combining global characteristics of middle to late Triassic humid events with palynostratigraphy, zircon U–Pb geochronology, and carbon isotope stratigraphy, this study links the lower to middle interval of the Submember 3 and the middle to late Triassic Ladinian–Carnian humid climate event. Conclusions The findings suggest that, under the influence of humid climate events, enhanced terrestrial nutrient influxes stimulated primary productivity in the lake. Concurrently, intensified water column stratification and bottom-water anoxia created favorable conditions for organic matter preservation, leading to the deposition of high-quality source rocks. Following the event, the climate shifted towards colder and drier conditions. This reduced terrestrial input, decreased primary lake productivity, lowered oxygen depletion in the water, and led to less favorable conditions for organic matter preservation and enrichment. [ Significance] This study not only provides new evidence for paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental reconstruction during the middle to late Triassic but also offers an important reference for understanding organic matter enrichment mechanisms during major climatic transitions in Earth’s history. -
Key words:
- climatic event /
- organic matter enrichment /
- molecular biomarker /
- source rock /
- Yanchang Formation /
- Ordos Basin
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图 1 鄂尔多斯盆地及R203井地理位置
a—鄂尔多斯盆地中—晚三叠世沉积地质背景（底图修改于https://deeptimemaps.com/）；b—鄂尔多斯盆地构造单元划分与研究井位置；c—R203井长7段地层划分柱状图
Figure 1. Geographic location of the Ordos Basin and Well R203
(a) Sedimentary geological background of the Ordos Basin during the middle to late Triassic (base map modified from https://deeptimemaps.com/); (b) Structural subdivision of the Ordos Basin and location of the studied core; (c) Stratigraphic column of Chang 7 Member from Well R203
图 2 鄂尔多斯盆地R203井长7段烃源岩的TOC含量和热解参数指标的垂向变化图
a—TOC含量；b—S1+S2；c—HI；d—OI
Figure 2. Vertical variations in TOC content and pyrolysis parameters of the source rocks in the Chang 7 Member of Well R203, Ordos Basin
(a) TOC content; (b) S1+S2; (c) HI; (d) OI
图 3 鄂尔多斯盆地R203井长7段烃源岩成熟度演化特征
a—鄂尔多斯盆地R203井长7段烃源岩Tmax−HI交互图；b—C32藿烷22S/(22S+22R)和C31藿烷22S/(22S+22R)参数关系图
Figure 3. Maturity characteristics of the source rocks in the Chang 7 Member from Well R203 in the Ordos Basin
(a) Cross plot of Tmax vs. HI; (b) Cross plot of C32 22S/(22S+22R) hopanes vs. C31 22S/(22S+22R) hopanes
图 4 鄂尔多斯盆地R203井长7段烃源岩正构烷烃质谱图
a—长7段1亚段585.70 m烃源岩；b—长7段2亚段614.62 m烃源岩；c—长7段3亚段659.85 m烃源岩
Figure 4. Chromatogram of long-chain alkanes (m/z 85) from source rocks of the Chang 7 Member in Well R203, Ordos Basin
Source rock from (a) Submember 1 of the Chang 7 Member at 585.70 m; (b) Source rock from Submember 2 of the Chang 7 Member at 614.62m; and (c) Submember 3 of the Chang 7 Member at 659.85 m
图 5 鄂尔多斯盆地R203井长7段烃源岩藿烷和甾烷质谱图
a—长7段1亚段585.70 m烃源岩中藿烷分布特征；b—长7段2亚段614.62 m烃源岩中藿烷分布特征；c—长7段3亚段681.95 m烃源岩中藿烷分布特征；d—长7段1亚段585.70 m烃源岩中甾烷分布特征；e—长7段2亚段604.55 m烃源岩中甾烷分布特征；f—长7段3亚段673.08 m烃源岩中甾烷分布特征
Figure 5. Chromatogram of hopanes (m/z 191) and steranes (m/z 217) from source rocks of the Chang 7 Member in Well R203, Ordos Basin
(a) Hopane distributions in Submember 1 of Chang 7 Member at 585.70 m; (b) Hopane distributions in Submember 2 of the Chang 7 Member at 614.62 m; (c) Hopane distributions in Submember 3 of the Chang 7 Member at 681.95 m;(d) Sterane distributions in Submember 1 of the Chang 7 Member at 585.70 m; (e) Sterane distributions in Submember 2 of the Chang 7 Member at 604.55 m; (f) Sterane distributions in Submember 3 of the Chang 7 Member at 673.08 m
图 6 鄂尔多斯盆地R203井长7段烃源岩的古气候指标的垂向变化图
红色虚线代表文中提出的拉丁阶与卡尼阶的界限在研究井中的对应层位a—CIA值；b—CIW值；c—C值
Figure 6. Vertical variations in paleoclimate indicators from the Chang 7 Member, Well R203, Ordos Basin (a) CIA; (b) CIW; (c) C values The red dashed line represents the corresponding horizon of the proposed Ladinian−Carnian boundary in the study well.
图 7 鄂尔多斯盆地长7段有机碳同位素（δ13Corg）及地层剖面柱状图
井位ZK1901井、Z40井、Z140井、Y1011井、F75井、Y56井数据分别来自Bian et al.（2025）、Jin et al.（2021）、Chen et al.（2023）、 Liu et al.（2024）、Zhang et al.（2021）和Chen et al.（2019），其分布如图1所示；对应的化学地层格架来自于Bian et al.（2025），其中红色虚线表示Bian et al.（2025）及文中在上述岩芯中识别的拉丁阶−卡尼阶界限的地层位置
Figure 7. Organic carbon isotope (δ13Corg) and stratigraphic column of the Chang 7 Member in the Ordos Basin
The data from the well locations ZK1901, Z40, Z140, Y1011, F75, and Y56 shown in Fig. 1 are sourced from Bian et al. (2025), Jin et al. (2021), Chen et al. (2023), Liu et al. (2024), Zhang et al. (2021), and Chen et al. (2019), respectively. The corresponding chemostratigraphic framework was established in Bian et al. (2025). Specifically, the red dashed line represents the stratigraphic position of the Ladinian–Carnian boundary identified within these cores by Bian et al. (2025) and in this study.
图 8 鄂尔多斯盆地R203井长7段烃源岩地球化学参数斯皮尔曼相关性分析
***代表P≤0.001、**代表P≤0.01、*代表P≤0.05；圆形大小和颜色深浅（蓝色：负相关、红色：正相关）表示斯皮尔曼相关系数绝对值大小
Figure 8. Spearman’s correlation analysis of geochemical parameters of the Chang 7 Member source rocks from Well R203 in the Ordos Basin *** denotes P ≤ 0.001, ** denotes P ≤ 0.01, and * denotes P ≤ 0.05. The size and color intensity of the circles (blue: negative correlation; red: positive correlation) indicate the absolute value of the Spearman correlation coefficient.
图 9 鄂尔多斯盆地R203井长7段烃源岩中陆源有机质输入和古生产力指标的垂向变化图
红色虚线代表文中提出的拉丁阶与卡尼阶的界限在研究井中的对应层位a—二苯并呋喃/菲（DBF/Phe)；b—藿烷/甾烷比值（H/St）；c—Ni/Al比值
Figure 9. Vertical variations in terrigenous organic matter inputs and paleoproductivity proxies for the Chang 7 Member source rocks from Well R203 in the Ordos Basin (a) Dibenzofuran/phenanthrene (DBF/Phe); (b) Hopane/sterane (H/St); (c) Ni/Al The red dashed line represents the corresponding horizon of the proposed Ladinian−Carnian boundary in the study well.
图 10 鄂尔多斯盆地R203井长7段烃源岩的氧化还原条件指标和古盐度指标的垂向变化图
红色虚线代表文中提出的拉丁阶与卡尼阶的界限在研究井中的对应层位a—UEF；b—MoEF；c—Sr/Ba；d—伽马蜡烷指数（GI）
Figure 10. Vertical variations in redox condition proxies and paleo-salinity indicators for the Chang 7 Member source rocks from Well R203 in the Ordos Basin (a) UEF; (b) MoEF; (c) Sr/Ba; (d) Gammacerane index (GI) The red dashed line represents the corresponding horizon of the proposed Ladinian−Carnian boundary in the study well.
图 11 中—晚三叠世湿润气候事件背景下鄂尔多斯盆地长7段烃源岩有机质富集模式
a—事件中长7段3亚段有机质富集演化特征；b—事件后长7段2和1亚段有机质富集演化特征
Figure 11. Organic matter enrichment in Chang 7 Member source rocks, Ordos Basin, during the middle to late Triassic humid climate event
(a) Organic matter enrichment pattern in Submember 3 of Chang 7 Member during the event; (b) Organic matter enrichment pattern in Submembers 2 and 1 of Chang 7 Member after the event
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