Experimental study on the elastic–plastic deformation and failure behavior of deep shale with well-developed inclined bedding
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摘要: 深层页岩储层具有高温高压及发育层理结构等特征。水力压裂过程中，其岩石力学性质随温压条件动态变化，层理结构的差异进一步导致其岩石力学性质表现出明显的各向异性。该研究利用高温三轴岩石力学实验系统，结合CT扫描、超声波测试、扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）及核磁共振等多种测试手段，对高温高压环境下层理性页岩的弹塑性变形行为与破坏特征及各向异性特征开展了系统性研究。结果表明，热应力促使层理结构发生膨胀，诱发热损伤裂隙发育，从而降低深层页岩力学强度。基于Mohr−Coulomb、Hoek−Brown及Drucker−Prager准则的综合分析表明，高温高压条件下深层页岩内聚力降低、内摩擦角增加，表现出更为显著的弹塑性特征。通过分形维数分析、能量耗散与损伤因子计算评估发现，高温作用加剧了深层页岩的损伤程度，增强了人工缝网的复杂结构。各向异性指数分析进一步表明，热应力强化了岩石的各向异性，而围压在一定程度上抑制了抗压强度和弹性模量的各向异性差异。综上，高温高压作用强化了深层页岩的弹塑性变形与破坏模式，并显著改变了不同层理倾角所引发的各向异性特征。研究成果可为深层页岩储层高效开发及水力压裂工程优化提供重要的力学依据和理论支持。Abstract:
Objective Deep shale reservoirs are characterized by high temperature, high pressure, and well-developed bedding structures, which jointly govern the mechanical response of rocks during hydraulic fracturing. Previous studies have primarily focused on the effects of single temperature conditions or the mechanical behavior of bedding under conventional environments. However, systematic understanding of the elastoplastic deformation behavior and anisotropic failure mechanisms of bedded shale under coupled high-temperature and high-confining-pressure conditions remains insufficient, particularly in terms of the quantitative characterization of strength parameter evolution, damage features, and fracture complexity. Methods Therefore, this study employs a high-temperature and high-pressure triaxial rock mechanics testing system to conduct triaxial compression experiments on shale specimens with different bedding orientations. In combination with CT scanning, ultrasonic testing, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques, the internal structural evolution, fracture development, and pore structure variations of the rocks are comprehensively characterized. Meanwhile, the evolution laws of strength parameters are analyzed based on the Mohr–Coulomb, Hoek–Brown, and Drucker–Prager criteria, and the fracture complexity and thermal damage characteristics are quantitatively evaluated using fractal dimension, energy dissipation theory, and damage factor calculations. Results The results indicate that increasing temperature promotes the expansion of bedding structures and induces thermally damaged microcracks. Fracture complexity increases with temperature, accompanied by a pronounced attenuation of wave velocity, while the peak strength and elastic modulus of shale exhibit decreasing trends, demonstrating that thermal stress significantly degrades its mechanical properties. Comprehensive analysis based on the three yield criteria shows that, under high-temperature and high-confining-pressure conditions, shale cohesion gradually decreases whereas the internal friction angle increases, and the failure mode transitions from brittle-dominated behavior to elastoplastic deformation. The coupled effects of temperature and pressure enhance the accumulation of plastic strain prior to failure. Energy analysis and damage factor results further reveal that elevated temperature markedly increases the proportion of dissipated energy and intensifies rock damage, reflecting enhanced microcrack propagation and irreversible deformation processes. Fractal dimension analysis demonstrates that the fracture network becomes progressively more complex with increasing temperature, facilitating the formation and connectivity of multiscale fracture systems. Anisotropy index analysis shows that thermal stress amplifies the anisotropic differences in compressive strength and elastic modulus among shales with different bedding orientations, whereas confining pressure suppresses such directional disparities to some extent by restricting crack opening and bedding-controlled deformation. Together, these factors determine the overall anisotropic mechanical response of deep shale. Conclusions In summary, the combined effects of high temperature and high pressure intensify the elastoplastic deformation and damage evolution of bedded shale. Under such conditions, the failure mode shifts from brittle behavior to plastic-dominated deformation, accompanied by enhanced energy dissipation and damage development. This process promotes the increasing complexity of fracture networks and alters the anisotropic failure patterns governed by bedding structures. [Significance] This study systematically elucidates the mechanisms of elastoplastic deformation and anisotropic failure of bedded shale under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions, providing essential mechanical insights for the stability evaluation of deep shale reservoirs and the optimization of hydraulic fracturing parameters. The findings hold significant scientific relevance and engineering value for the efficient development of deep unconventional oil and gas resources. -
Key words:
- deep shale /
- elastic−plastic behavior /
- energy dissipation /
- damage factor /
- anisotropic characteristics
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图 1 实验装置
a—2000 kN伺服控制高温高压岩石三轴测试系统；b—CT扫描测试仪；c—超声波波速测试仪；d—核磁共振测试仪；e—孔渗联测仪
Figure 1. Experimental setup
(a) Servo-controlled high-temperature and high-pressure rock triaxial testing system (2000 kN); (b) CT scanner; (c) Ultrasonic wave velocity measurement system; (d) Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) tester; (e) Porosity–permeability simultaneous tester
图 2 Hoek–Brown准则与能量耗散原理示意图
a—Hoek–Brown准则τ−σ空间示意图; b—能量耗散原理示意图
Figure 2. Diagrams of the Hoek–Brown criterion and energy dissipation principle
(a) τ–σ space diagram of the Hoek–Brown criterion; (b) Diagram of the energy dissipation principle
图 3 基础物性实验结果
a—孔隙度；b—渗透率；c—导热系数；d—皮尔逊相关系数
Figure 3. Experimental results of basic physical properties
(a) Porosity; (b) Permeability; (c) Thermal conductivity; (d) Pearson correlation coefficient
图 4 不同层理倾角和围压条件下深层页岩的应力−应变曲线
a1—30°层理倾角，围压0 MPa；a2—30°层理倾角，围压20 MPa；a3—30°层理倾角，围压40 MPa；a4—30°层理倾角，围压60 MPa；b1—60°层理倾角，围压0 MPa；b2—60°层理倾角，围压20 MPa；b3—60°层理倾角，围压40 MPa；b4—60°层理倾角，围压60 MPa；c1—90°层理倾角，围压0 MPa；c2—90°层理倾角，围压20 MPa；c3—90°层理倾角，围压40 MPa；c4—90°层理倾角，围压60 MPa
Figure 4. Stress–strain curves of deep shale under different bedding dip angles and confining pressures
(a1) 30° bedding dip angle, confining pressure 0 MPa; (a2) 30° bedding dip angle, confining pressure 20 MPa; (a3) 30° bedding dip angle, confining pressure 40 MPa; (a4) 30° bedding dip angle, confining pressure 60 MPa; (b1) 60° bedding dip angle, confining pressure 0 MPa; (b2) 60° bedding dip angle, confining pressure 20 MPa; (b3) 60° bedding dip angle, confining pressure 40 MPa; (b4) 60° bedding dip angle, confining pressure 60 MPa; (c1) 90° bedding dip angle, confining pressure 0 MPa; (c2) 90° bedding dip angle, confining pressure 20 MPa; (c3) 90° bedding dip angle, confining pressure 40 MPa; (c4) 90° bedding dip angle, confining pressure 60 MPa
图 5 弹性极限应力和极限体积应变值
a—弹性极限应力；b—弹性极限体积应变
Figure 5. Elastic limit stress and limit volumetric strain values
(a) Elastic limit stress; (b) Elastic limit volumetric strain
图 6 力学参数
a—泊松比；b—弹性模量
Figure 6. Mechanical parameters
(a) Poisson’s ratio; (b) Elastic modulus
图 7 不同温度、围压下的层理性深层页岩破坏后CT图像
图中绿色代表岩石基质，蓝色代表裂缝a—30°层理倾角深层页岩的破坏后CT图像；b—60°层理倾角深层页岩的破坏后CT图像；c—90°层理倾角深层页岩的破坏后CT图像
Figure 7. Post-failure CT images of bedded deep shale under different temperatures and confining pressures
(a) Post-failure CT images of deep shale with a bedding dip angle of 30° ; (b) Post-failure CT images of deep shale with a bedding dip angle of 60°; (c) Post-failure CT images of deep shale with a bedding dip angle of 90° Green–rock matrix; Blue–fractures
图 8 纵、横波速度的验证与分析
a—横、纵波波速；b—动态弹性模量；c—动态泊松比；d—动态剪切模量和动态体积模量
Figure 8. Validation and analysis of longitudinal and shear wave velocities
(a) Longitudinal and shear wave velocities; (b) Dynamic elastic modulus; (c) Dynamic Poisson’s ratio; (d) Dynamic shear modulus and dynamic bulk modulus
图 9 饱和条件下深层页岩的T2图谱和孔隙面积曲线
a—饱和条件下深层页岩的T2图谱；b—孔隙面积曲线
Figure 9. T2 spectrum and pore area curves of deep shale under saturation condition
(a) T2 spectrum of deep shale under saturation condition; (b) Pore area curves
图 10 扫描电镜结果
a—垂直层理电镜扫描结果；b—倾斜层理电镜扫描结果；c—垂直层理几何参数；d—倾斜层理几何参数
Figure 10. SEM Results
(a) SEM image of vertical bedding; (b) SEM image of inclined bedding; (c) Geometric parameters of vertical bedding; (d) Geometric parameters of inclined bedding
图 11 剪切应力−正应力空间下强度准则拟合效果
a—Mohr-Coulomb准则；b—Hoek-Brown准则；c—内聚力；d—内摩擦角；e—Hoek-Brown准则剪应力系数；f—平均曲率
Figure 11. Fitting effect of strength criteria in shear–normal stress space
(a) Mohr-Coulomb criterion; (b) Hoek-Brown criterion; (c) Cohesion; (d) angle of internal friction; (e) Hoek-Brown shear stress coefficient; (f) average curvature
图 12 Drucker-Prager屈服准则的相关参数
a—模型参数α；b—模型参数k；c—累积塑性应变
Figure 12. Results of the Drucker-Prager yield criterion
(a) Model parameter α; (b) Model parameter k; (c) Cumulative plastic strain
图 13 不同处理方式下的能量变化
a—总能量；b—弹性应变能；c—耗散应变能；d—累积塑性应变；e—塑性指数
Figure 13. Energy changes under different treatments
(a) Total energy; (b) Elastic strain energy; (c) Dissipative strain energy; (d) Cumulative plastic strain; (e) Plasticity index
图 14 损伤与破坏定量表征
a—综合损伤因子；b—分形维数原理与结果
Figure 14. Quantitative characterization of damage and failure
(a) Comprehensive damage factor; (b) Principle and results of fractal dimension
图 15 各向异性指数
a—变形特征的各向异性指数；b— 损伤破坏特征的各向异性指数
Figure 15. Anisotropy index
(a) Anisotropy index of deformation characteristics; (b) Anisotropy index of damage and failure characteristics
表 1 实验方案
Table 1. Experimental scheme
实验类型 层理倾角/（°） 温度/℃ 围压/MPa 三轴压缩力学实验 30 200/300 0/20/40/60 60 200/300 0/20/40/60 90 200/300 0/20/40/60 核磁共振实验 30 200/300 − 60 200/300 − 90 200/300 − 
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表 2 核磁共振二维灰度云图
Table 2. Two-dimensional grayscale nuclear magnetic resonance image
倾角
温度30°
200℃60°
200℃90°
200℃30°
300℃60°
300℃90°
300℃12 h 
24 h 
36 h 
48 h 
60 h 
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表 3 全岩矿物XRD测试结果
Table 3. XRD test results of whole-rock minerals
编号 层理倾角/（°） 温度/℃ 矿 物 含 量/% 石 英 钾长石 斜长石 方解石 白云石 黄铁矿 黏土矿物 1 90 25 30.1 0.1 0.6 19.5 42.0 1.3 6.4 2 90 100 35.0 0.3 0.6 17.0 38.0 1.1 8.0 3 90 200 44.3 0.6 1.1 16.8 23.9 0.5 12.8 4 90 300 38.6 0.4 0.3 18.7 29.7 1.1 11.2 5 60 300 37.7 0.3 0.3 17.6 33.1 0.9 10.1
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表 4 黏土矿物XRD测试结果
Table 4. XRD test results of clay minerals
编号 层理倾角/（°） 温度/℃ 黏土矿物相对含量/% S I/S It Kao C C/S 1 90 25 ℃ / / 100 / / / 2 90 100 ℃ / / 100 / / / 3 90 200 ℃ / / 100 / / / 4 90 300 ℃ / / 96 / 4 / 5 60 300 ℃ / / 88 8 4 / 注：S—蒙皂石类； I/S—伊蒙混层； It—伊利石； Kao—高岭石； C—绿泥石；C/S—绿蒙混层
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表 5 各种损伤因子计算方法
Table 5. Calculation methods of damage factors
定义方式 损伤因子 公式 符号注释 弹性模量 DE $ {D}_{{E}}=1-\dfrac{{{E}}_{1}}{{{E}}_{0}} $ E0、E1分别是温度或围压处理前后的弹性模量 泊松比 Dv $ {D}_{{v}}=1-\dfrac{{v}_{1}}{{v}_{0}} $ v0、v1分别是温度或围压处理前后的泊松比 抗压强度 Dσc $ {D}_{\sigma {\mathrm{c}}}=1-\dfrac{{\sigma }_{\mathrm{c}1}}{{\sigma }_{\mathrm{c}0}} $ σc0是单轴的抗压强度，σc1是其他处理下的抗压强度 总能量 DU $ {D}_{{U}}=1-\dfrac{{U}_{1}}{{U}_{0}} $ U0、U1分别是温度或围压处理前后的总能量 耗散应变能 DUd $ {D}_{{U{\mathrm{d}}}}=1-\dfrac{{U}_{\mathrm{d}}}{{U}_{\mathrm{c}}} $ Ud是耗散应变能，Uc是强度劣化所对应的临界耗能 弹性极限应力 Dσe $ {D}_{\sigma \mathrm{e}}=1-\dfrac{{\sigma }_{\mathrm{e}1}}{{\sigma }_{\mathrm{e}0}} $ σe0、σe1分别是温度或围压处理前后的弹性极限应力
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表 6 不同损伤因子的权重
Table 6. Weights of different damage factors
权重 ω(DE) ω(Dv) ω(Dσc) ω(DU) ω(DUd) ω(Dσe) 倾角 温度 弹性模量 泊松比 抗压强度 总能量 耗散应变能 弹性极限应力 30° 200 ℃ 0.1981 0.1995 0.1963 0.1950 0.0451 0.1659 300 ℃ 0.1562 0.1361 0.1761 0.1752 0.1784 0.1777 60° 200 ℃ 0.1607 0.1723 0.1678 0.1697 0.1669 0.1624 300 ℃ 0.1591 0.1728 0.1728 0.1680 0.1538 0.1732 90° 200 ℃ 0.1697 0.1712 0.1594 0.1691 0.1596 0.1707 300 ℃ 0.1665 0.1562 0.1701 0.1727 0.1671 0.1673 平均值 0.1684 0.1681 0.1737 0.1749 0.1451 0.1695
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