鄂尔多斯盆地西缘中部乌拉力克组页岩储层精细表征及评价

马明阳; 谢梦雨; 张东东; 王前平; 刘文汇; 王桐; 李风娇; 孙文熠; 管晓涵

doi:10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025117

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘中部乌拉力克组页岩储层精细表征及评价

doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025117

马明阳^{1, 2,},
谢梦雨^3,,
张东东^{1, 2, ,},
王前平^{4, 5,},
刘文汇^{1, 2,},
王桐^6,,
李风娇^{1, 2,},
孙文熠^{1, 2,},
管晓涵^{1, 2,}

1.
西北大学地质学系，陕西西安 710069
2.
西北大学大陆演化与早期生命国家重点实验室，陕西西安 710069
3.
中国石化江汉油田分公司石油工程技术研究院清河工程所，山东潍坊 261000
4.
中国石油长庆油田分公司勘探开发研究院，陕西西安 710018
5.
低渗透油气田勘探开发国家工程实验室，陕西西安 710018
6.
西安石油大学地球科学与工程学院，陕西西安 710065

基金项目: 中国石油天然气股份有限公司长庆油田分公司重大专项项目（2024D1JC06）；国家自然科学基金重点项目（42230815）；甘肃省联合科研基金重大项目（25JRRA1093）；陕西省教育厅青年创新团队项目（23JP173）

详细信息

作者简介:
马明阳（2003—），男，在读硕士，从事油气地球化学方向的研究。Email：202323336@stumail.nwu.edu.cn

通讯作者:
张东东（1985—），男，教授，从事油气地球化学、烃源岩研究、盆地构造方向的研究。Email：zhangdd@nwu.edu.cn

中图分类号: P313.5；TE122
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-08-29
- 修回日期: 2025-12-21
- 录用日期: 2026-01-19
- 预出版日期: 2026-02-05
- 刊出日期: 2026-02-28

Refined characteristics and evaluation of shale reservoirs in the Wulalike Formation, central-western margin of the Ordos Basin

MA Mingyang^{1, 2
,},
XIE Mengyu^3
,,
ZHANG Dongdong^{1, 2
, ,},
WANG Qianping^{4, 5
,},
LIU Wenhui^{1, 2
,},
WANG Tong^6
,,
LI Fengjiao^{1, 2
,},
SUN Wenyi^{1, 2
,},
GUAN Xiaohan^{1, 2
,}

1.
Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, Shaanxi, China
2.
The State Key Laboratory of Continental Evolution and Early Life, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, Shaanxi, China
3.
Qinghe Engineering Office, Petroleum Engineering Technology Research Institute, Jianghan Oilfield Branch Company, Sinopec, Weifang 261000, Shandong, China
4.
Research Institute of Exploration and Development, PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company, Xi'an 710018, Shaanxi, China
5.
National Engineering Laboratory for Exploration and Development of Low-Permeability Oil & Gas Fields, Xi’an 710018, Shaanxi, China
6.
School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Xi 'an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, Shaanxi, China

Funds: This research was financially supported by the Major Special Project of Changqing Oilfield (Grant No. 2024D1JC06)，the Key Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 42230815), the Major Project of the Gansu Province United Research Foundation (Grant No.25JRRA1093), and the Youth Innovation Team Project of the Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education (Grant No. 23JP173).

摘要

摘要: 近年来鄂尔多斯盆地西缘奥陶纪乌拉力克组页岩气勘探取得突破，开拓了华北板块海相页岩气勘探的新领域。系统刻画“低总有机碳（TOC）含量”海相页岩气储层的微观孔隙结构特征并阐明孔隙发育的主控因素对于乌拉力克组页岩气预测与评价至关重要。选取盆地西缘中部典型取芯井为研究对象，开展了X射线衍射全岩矿物分析、氩离子抛光扫描电镜观察、低温气体吸附实验，揭示了乌拉力克组页岩储集空间及储集能力。研究结果表明：乌拉力克组黑色页岩整体属于低孔−低渗储层，其中上段以黏土质页岩为主，下段以硅质页岩为主，中段黏土质页岩与混合质页岩互层发育；页岩储层孔隙体积为4.021×10⁻³ ~8.307×10⁻³ cm³/g，平均为6.031×10⁻³ cm³/g，孔体积主要由中孔和宏孔贡献；孔隙比表面积为1.131~6.605 m²/g，平均为2.986 m²/g，以微孔贡献为主，中孔次之，宏孔最少；上段页岩孔隙度最高，中段页岩次之，下段页岩最低；孔隙类型以无机孔和微裂缝为主，有机孔不发育；页岩气主要赋存在0~10 nm的孔隙中，占比达86.7%；微米级微裂缝与纳米级孔隙连通形成的复杂孔隙−裂缝网络，是页岩气渗流和扩散的主要通道。储层的孔隙结构与物性主要受黏土矿物控制，上段和中段页岩的孔体积与比表面积优于下段，其中伊利石可作为天然气赋存载体。储层综合评价显示，上段黏土质页岩孔隙结构及物性最优，但TOC含量低，难以形成页岩气有效富集层；下段硅质页岩TOC含量较高，生烃能力强，虽孔隙结构及物性稍差，但高硅质含量使其脆性强、微裂缝发育；中段黏土质页岩与混合质页岩互层发育，兼具封盖作用与一定生储能力，有利于页岩气富集成藏。综合分析认为，乌拉力克组下段硅质页岩和中段黏土质页岩与混合质页岩互层段为有利勘探层段。
- 鄂尔多斯盆地 /
- 乌拉力克组 /
- 页岩气 /
- 孔隙结构 /
- 影响因素
Abstract: Objective In recent years, exploratory breakthroughs in the Wulalike Formation on the western margin of the Ordos Basin have opened up a new field of marine shale gas in the North China Plate. Systematically characterizing the microscopic pore structure of low-TOC marine shale gas reservoirs and clarifying the main factors that control pore development is crucial for the prediction and evaluation of shale gas in the Wulalike Formation. Methods Well R16 was selected as the key research object, and a series of experimental tests such as X-ray diffraction whole-rock mineral analysis, argon ion polishing– scanning electron microscopy, and low-temperature gas adsorption were carried out. The storage space and capacity of the shale gas in the Wulalike Formation were characterized in detail. Results (1) The reservoir as a whole has low porosity and low permeability. The upper section is mainly composed of clay shale, the middle section of interbedded gley shale and mixed shale, but the lower section of siliceous shale. Porosity is highest in the upper section, intermediate in the middle section, and lowest in the lower section. Overall, organic pores are not developed, and inorganic pores and micro-cracks predominate. (2) The pore volume of shale ranges from 4.021×10⁻³ to 8.307×10⁻³ cm³/g, with an average of 6.031×10⁻³cm³/g. The main contributors are mesopores and macropores. The specific surface area ranges from 1.131 to 6.605 m²/g, with an average of 2.986 m²/g. Micropores are the main contributors, followed by mesopores; macropores are the least relevant. Shale gas primarily occurs in pores ranging from 0 to 10 nm, accounting for an average proportion of 86.7%. A large number of microfractures connected with nanoscale pores form a complex pore–fracture network system, which is the main channel for the seepage and diffusion of shale oil and gas. (3) The pore structure, physical properties, and gas-bearing capacity of the reservoir are mainly influenced by clay minerals, which results in more developed pore volumes and specific surface areas in the upper and middle sections compared to the lower section. The intergranular pores of illite, as the main mineral, provide a certain storage space for the reservoir and constitute the main carrier for natural gas. Conclusions Comprehensive analysis indicates that the siliceous shale in the lower member of the Wulalike Formation and the interval of interbedded argillaceous-mixed shale in the middle member are favorable exploration intervals. [Significance] This study provides an in-depth analysis of the gas storage characteristics and influencing factors of low-TOC shale reservoirs in the research area, which will contribute to advancing the exploration of marine "low-TOC" shale gas in northern China.
- Ordos Basin /
- Wulalike Formation /
- shale gas /
- pore structure /
- influencing factors

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图 1 研究区区域位置与样品取芯柱状图

a—研究区区域位置图（据谢梦雨等，2023修改）；b—研究区沉积相分布图（据于洲等，2021修改）；c—R16井样品取芯柱状图

Figure 1. Regional location and sample core log column of the study area

(a) Regional location map of the study area (modified from Xie et al., 2023); (b) Sedimentary facies distribution map of the study area (modified from Yu et al., 2021); (c) Columnar diagram of sampling cores from Well R16

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图 2 R16井乌拉力克组页岩镜下特征

a—R-9样品含硅黏土质页岩；b—R-17样品含硅黏土质页岩；c—R-23样品含硅黏土质页岩；d—R-26样品含硅黏土质页岩；e—R-42样品含黏土硅质页岩；f—R-44样品含黏土硅质页岩

Figure 2. Microscopic characteristics of the Wulalike Formation shale in Well R16

(a) Siliceous clay shale from sample R-9; (b) Siliceous clay shale from sample R-17; (c) Siliceous clay shale from sample R-23; (d) Siliceous clay shale from sample R-26; (e) Clayey siliceous shale from sample R-42; (f) Clayey siliceous shale from sample R-44

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图 3 R16井乌拉力克组页岩矿物组分图

Figure 3. Mineral compositions of shales from the Wulalike Formation in Well R16

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图 4 R16井乌拉力克组页岩矿物组分特征及三元分类图

Figure 4. Mineralogical characteristics and ternary classification diagram of shale samples from the Wulalike Formation in Well R16

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图 5 研究区乌拉力克组页岩样品孔隙度渗透率分布柱状图

a—孔隙度分布柱状图；b—渗透率分布柱状图

Figure 5. Histograms of the porosity and permeability distribution of shale samples from the Wulalike Formation in the study area

(a) Histogram of porosity distribution; (b) Histogram of permeability distribution

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图 6 R16井乌拉力克组页岩中有机质及有机孔扫描电镜特征

a—R-13样品中的丝状有机质；b—R-39样品中的絮状有机质；c—R-4样品中的椭圆状有机质；d—R-26样品中的有机孔及微裂缝；e—R-44样品中的有机孔；f—R-39样品中的椭圆状有机质及边缘微裂缝

Figure 6. The scanning electron microscope characteristics of organic matter and organic pores in shale samples from the Wulalike Formation in Well R16

(a) Filamentous organic matter in sample R-13; (b) Flocculent organic matter in sample R-39; (c) Elliptical organic matter in sample R-4; (d) Organic pores and microfractures in sample R-26; (e) Organic pores in sample R-44; (f) Elliptic organic matter and marginal microfractures in sample R-39

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图 7 R16井乌拉力克组页岩无机孔及微裂缝扫描电镜特征

a—R-13样品中的黄铁矿晶间孔；b —R-34样品中的黄铁矿晶间孔；c—R-13样品中的矿物晶间孔；d—R-26样品中的矿物晶间孔；e—R-13样品中的黏土矿物晶间孔；f—R-39样品中的黏土矿物晶间孔；g—R-26样品中矿物颗粒边缘的微裂缝；h—R-34样品中有机质边缘的微裂缝；i—R-44样品中的有机质充填的微裂缝

Figure 7. Electron microscope images of inorganic pores and microfractures in the shales of the Wulalike Formation in Well R16

(a) Intergranular pores of pyrite in sample R-13; (b) Intergranular pores of pyrite in sample R-34; (c) Intergranular pores of minerals in sample R-13; (d) Intergranular pores of minerals in sample R-26; (e) Intergranular pores of clay minerals in sample R-13; (f) Intergranular pores of clay minerals in sample R-39; (g) Microfractures at the edges of minerals in sample R-26; (h) Microfractures at the edges of organic matter in sample R-34; (i) Microfractures filled with organic matter in sample R-44

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图 8 CO₂吸附及N₂吸附实验表征孔隙结构特征

a—CO₂吸附孔径分布曲线；b—CO₂吸附下页岩累积孔体积；c—CO₂吸附下页岩累积比表面积；d—N₂吸附表征的页岩孔径分布图；e—N₂吸附表征的页岩累积孔体积；f—N₂吸附表征的页岩累积比表面积

Figure 8. Pore structure characteristics characterized by CO₂ and N₂ adsorption experiments

(a) Pore size distribution curve from CO₂ adsorption; (b) Cumulative pore volume of shale characterized by CO₂ adsorption; (c) Cumulative specific surface area of shale characterized by CO₂ adsorption; (d) Pore size distribution of shale characterized by N₂ adsorption; (e) Cumulative pore volume of shale characterized by N₂ adsorption; (f) Cumulative specific surface area of shale characterized by N₂ adsorption

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图 9 R16井乌拉力克组样品低温N₂吸附−解吸等温线

Figure 9. Low-temperature N₂ adsorption–desorption isotherms of samples from the Wulalike Formation shale in Well R16

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图 10 乌拉力克组页岩孔隙综合表征

a—页岩累积孔体积；b—页岩累积比表面积；c—不同孔隙孔体积占比；d—不同孔隙比表面积占比

Figure 10. Comprehensive characterization of pores in the shale samples from the Wulalike Formation

(a) Cumulative pore volume of shale; (b) Cumulative specific surface area of shale; (c) Proportions of different pore volumes; (d) Proportions of specific surface area of different pores

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图 11 R16井乌拉力克组页岩样品裂缝发育特征

a—顺层微裂缝发育，高角度裂缝，2915.31～2916.17 m；b—顺层微裂缝发育，高角度裂缝，2917.76～2918.65 m；c—顺层裂缝发育，部分被方解石充填，2917.76 m；d—顺层微裂缝发育，高角度裂缝，2918.35 m；e—R-41，硅质页岩薄片，发育顺层裂缝，部分被方解石充填，2926.16 m，单偏光；f—R-44，硅质页岩薄片，发育顺层裂缝，部分被方解石充填，2919.35 m，单偏光

Figure 11. Fracture development characteristics of shale samples from the Wulalike Formation in Well R16

(a) Well-developed bedding microfractures and high-angle fractures, 2915.31 to 2916.17 m; (b) Well-developed bedding microfractures and high-angle fractures, 2917.76 to 2918.65 m; (c) Well-developed bedding fractures, partially filled with calcite, 2917.76 m; (d) Well-developed bedding microfractures and high-angle fractures, 2918.35 m; (e) R-41, thin section of siliceous shale, with partially calcite-filled bedding fractures, 2926.16 m; (f) R-44, thin section of siliceous shale, with partially calcite-filled bedding fractures, 2919.35 m

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图 12 研究区R16井乌拉力克组页岩的孔体积、孔比表面积与TOC含量关系图

a—孔体积与TOC含量关系图；b—孔比表面积与TOC含量关系图

Figure 12. Relationship between pore volume, pore–specific surface area, and TOC content of shale samples from the Wulalike Formation in Well R16

(a) Relationship between pore volume and TOC content; (b) Relationship between pore–specific surface area and TOC content

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图 13 乌拉力克组页岩矿物组分与孔体积、孔比表面积的拟合关系

a—黏土矿物与孔体积的拟合关系；b—黏土矿物与比表面积的拟合关系；c—伊利石含量与孔体积的拟合关系；d—伊利石含量与孔比表面积的拟合关系；e—脆性矿物与孔体积的拟合关系；f—脆性矿物与比表面积的拟合关系；g—石英含量与孔体积的拟合关系；h—石英含量与孔比表面积的拟合关系

Figure 13. Fitting relationship between mineral components and pore volume as well as pore specific surface area of shale samples from the Wulalike Formation

(a) Fitting relationship between clay mineral content and pore volume; (b) Fitting relationship between clay mineral content and pore specific surface area; (c) Fitting relationship between illite content and pore volume; (d) Fitting relationship between illite content and pore specific surface area; (e) Fitting relationship between brittle minerals and pore volume; (f) Fitting relationship between brittle minerals and pore specific surface area; (g) Fitting relationship between quartz content and pore volume; (h) Fitting relationship between quartz content and pore specific surface area

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图 14 研究区乌拉力克组页岩优质储层纵向连井分布特征（剖面位置见图1）

SP—自然电位测井曲线；GR—自然伽马测井曲线；AC—声波时差测井曲线；DEN—密度测井曲线；CAL—井径测井曲线

Figure 14. Vertical distribution characteristics of high-quality shale reservoirs in the Wulalike Formation across wells within the study area (for profile location, see Fig. 1)

SP—Spontaneous potential log; GR—Gamma ray log; AC—Acoustic log; DEN—Density log; CAL—Caliper log

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图 15 研究区乌拉力克组页岩优质储层横向连井分布特征（剖面位置见图1）

SP—自然电位测井曲线；GR—自然伽马测井曲线；AC—声波时差测井曲线；DEN—密度测井曲线；CAL—井径测井曲线

Figure 15. Lateral distribution characteristics of high-quality shale reservoirs in the Wulalike Formation across wells within the study area (for profile location, see Fig. 1)

SP—Spontaneous potential log; GR—Gamma ray log; AC—Acoustic log; DEN—Density log; CAL—Caliper log

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表 1 鄂尔多斯盆地西缘R16井乌拉力克组页岩孔隙类型特征

Table 1. Pore type characteristics of the Wulalike Formation shale in Well R16 at the western margin of the Ordos Basin

孔隙类型	孔径大小	发育特征	发育程度
有机质孔	30.0~850.0 nm	呈片麻状、椭圆形发育于有机质内部	不发育
粒间孔	0.2~8.0 μm	主要为黏土矿物粒间孔和基质粒间孔，以及软硬颗粒接触处	发育
微裂缝	0.8~43.5 μm	主要发育于矿物颗粒边缘以及有机质边缘	发育

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表 2 页岩气储层分段评价表（张金川等，2011；涂乙等，2014）

Table 2. Stratigraphic evaluation of the shale gas reservoir (Zhang et al., 2011; Tu et al., 2014)

评价指标	基本标准	指标特征分类
评价指标	基本标准	Ⅰ	Ⅱ	Ⅲ	Ⅳ
TOC含量/%	>0.3	>2.0	2.0~1.0	1.0~0.5	0.5~0.3
R_o/%	≥0.4	>2.0	2.0~1.2	1.2~0.6	<0.6
有效厚度/m	>9	>80	80~55	55~30	35~10
孔隙度/%	1	>8	8~4	4~1	<1
含气量/（m³/t）	0.5	>10	10~5	5~1	<1
埋藏深度/m	<4500	>3500	3500~1500	1500~500	<500
黏土矿物含量/%	>30	>40	40~30	30~15	<15
脆性矿物含量/%	>45	>40	40~30	>30	/
渗透率/μm²	1×10⁻⁶	/	/	/	/

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表 3 R16井乌拉力克组页岩气储层分段特征

Table 3. Sectional characteristics of shale gas reservoirs in the Wulalike Formation of Well R16

评价指标	全井	上段	中段	下段
TOC含量/%	0.65	0.30	0.70	1.39
R_o/%	1.04	1.01	1.04	1.10
地层厚度/m	187	15	35	5
孔体积/(×10^-3cm³/g)	6.260	7.494	6.300	4.848
比表面积/(m²/g)	4.110	4.448	4.491	2.058
孔隙度/%	2.32	2.90	2.26	2.11
含气量/（m³/t）	1.619	2.155	1.549	1.597
埋藏深度/m	2763～2950	2785～2800	2850～2885	2915～2920
黏土矿物/%	47.18	45.55	49.42	38.75
脆性矿物/%	46.18	43.45	45.77	57.20

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