Evaluation of post-fracturing production efficiency in shale oil horizontal wells based on behind-casing fiber-optic monitoring
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摘要: 柴达木盆地英雄岭地区页岩油资源丰富，水平井体积压裂是实现其高效开发的关键技术。为了能够更加精准地评价页岩油水平井体积压裂施工中的簇开启率和压后生产中的产出效率，基于光纤传感内在机理，深入探究套外光纤监测技术在页岩油压裂作业及生产评价中的独特优势，并系统剖析该技术于柴达木盆地页岩油水平井体积压裂实践中的应用成效。套外光纤监测资料解释表明，相较于均匀射孔方式，采取坡度射孔方式可使压裂施工中簇开启率由62%提升至88%，增幅26%；压后产出效率由0.94 m3/段提升到3.20 m3/段，提升幅度为2.4倍。此外，将金属性可溶桥的压裂作业控制在入井后8小时内，使施工漏液量减少了7.43%。文章研究成果和认识，为柴达木盆地英雄岭页岩油水平井体积压裂的射孔方式优选及桥塞入井后施工时机的抉择提供了精准指引。Abstract:
Objective The efficient development of shale oil in the Yingxiongling area of the Qaidam Basin relies on horizontal well volumetric fracturing. Accurately evaluating cluster efficiency during stimulation and post-fracturing production performance remains a key challenge. This study aims to investigate the application and effectiveness of behind-casing fiber-optic sensing technology for this purpose. Methods Based on the principles of distributed fiber-optic sensing, this technology was deployed behind the casing to monitor fracturing operations and subsequent production in shale oil horizontal wells. The analysis focused on interpreting the monitoring data to assess fracture initiation and cluster contribution. Results The behind-casing fiber-optic monitoring provided clear diagnostic results. Compared to the conventional uniform perforation method, employing a tapered perforation design increased the cluster initiation rate during fracturing from 62% to 88%, representing a 26% improvement. Furthermore, the post-fracturing production efficiency per stage was enhanced from 0.94 m3 per stage to 3.20 m3 per stage, a 2.4-fold increase. An additional operational finding was that controlling the fracturing operation to within 8 hours after setting the metallic dissolvable bridge plug reduced fluid loss during the treatment by 7.43%. Conclusions The tapered perforation strategy significantly improves both cluster initiation and production contribution in the studied shale oil formation. Furthermore, optimizing the timing of fracturing operations after bridge plug setting can effectively mitigate fluid loss. [Significance] This study demonstrates the practical value of behind-casing fiber-optic monitoring for guiding key engineering decisions. The findings provide precise guidance for optimizing perforation design and operational timing in volumetric fracturing of shale oil horizontal wells in the Qaidam Basin, contributing to enhanced stimulation effectiveness and development efficiency. -
Key words:
- Qaidam basin /
- Yingxiongling area /
- shale oil /
- fiber optic /
- monitor /
- perforation /
- slope gradient /
- output efficiency
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图 1 分布式光纤传感后向散射光谱示意图
拉曼峰呈现的不同颜色，代表不同温度条件下的拉曼散射强度
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of backscattering spectrum in distributed fiber-optic sensing
The different colors of the Raman peak represent the Raman scattering intensity under different temperature conditions.
图 2 纹层状和薄层状页岩应力−应变曲线及单轴压缩后破裂形态图
a—纹层状页岩应力−应变曲线；b—薄层状页岩应力−应变曲线；c—纹层状岩芯破裂形态图；d—薄层状岩芯破裂形态图
Figure 2. Stress–strain curves and fracture morphologies after uniaxial compression of laminated and thin-bedded shale
(a) Stress–strain curves of laminated shale; (b) Stress–strain curves of thin-bedded shale; (c) Fracture morphology diagram of laminated core; (d) Fracture morphology diagram of thin-bedded core
图 3 英页3H平台拉链式压裂部署井位（绿色箭头所指为光纤监测井）
a—英页3H平台4口井轨迹示意图；b—英页3H平台4口井拉链式压裂次序
Figure 3. Well placement for zipper fracturing on the Yingye 3H platform (the wells indicated by green arrows are equipped with fiber-optic monitoring)
(a) Schematic diagram of well trajectories for four wells in Yingye 3H Platform; (b) Zipper fracturing sequence of four wells in Yingye 3H Platform
图 4 均匀射孔压裂与坡度射孔压裂光纤DAS信号对比
a—均匀射孔光纤DAS示意图；b—坡度射孔光纤DAS示意图
Figure 4. Comparison of fiber-optic DAS signals between uniform perforation fracturing and slanted perforation fracturing
(a) Schematic of fiber-optic DAS for uniform perforation; (b) Schematic of fiber-optic DAS for tapered perforation
图 5 英页3H15-4井桥塞入井8小时前后压裂漏液现象对比
a—桥塞入井8小时外压裂光纤DAS示意图；b—桥塞入井8小时内压裂光纤DAS示意图
Figure 5. Comparison of fluid loss before and after eight hours of plug setting in Well Yingye 3H15-4 using hydraulic fracturing
(a) Schematic of fiber-optic DAS during fracturing beyond eight hours after bridge plug setting; (b) Schematic of fiber-optic DAS during fracturing within 8 hours after bridge plug setting
图 6 压裂水平井温度剖面特征数值模拟及英页3H15-4井实测温度曲线
a—压裂水平井温度剖面特征图；b—英页3H15-4井温度曲线图
Figure 6. Numerical simulation of temperature profile characteristics in fractured horizontal wells and measured temperature curves of Well Yingye 3H15-4
(a) Characteristic diagram of temperature profile for fractured horizontal wells; (b)Temperature curve of Well Yingye 3H15-4
图 7 英页3H15-4井压后各段改造均匀性与产出效果
a—英页3H15-4井压裂后各段均匀指数柱状图；b—-英页3H15-4井压裂后各段产出效果柱状图
Figure 7. Production performance of each interval after fracturing in Well Yingye 3H15-4
(a) Histogram of uniformity index for each interval of Well Yingye 3H15-4 after fracturing; (b) Histogram of production performance for each interval of Well Yingye 3H15-4 after fracturing
表 1 英页3H15-4井簇开启率统计数据表
Table 1. Statistical data of cluster well initiation rate for Well Yingye 3H15-4
压裂段 液量/m3 砂量/m3 射孔方式 簇数/个 开启簇数/个 簇开启率/% 平均开启率/% 第3段 2218.13 103.82 均匀射孔 6 — — 62.26 第4段 2205.86 182.86 6 3 50.00 第5段 1868.74 106.04 5 3 60.00 第6段 2325.38 166.31 7 4 57.14 第7段 2069.63 146.29 6 5 83.33 第8段 2013.22 174.82 坡度射孔 6 6 100.00 87.92 第9段 1767.53 192.57 5 5 100.00 第10段 1629.85 142.28 4 4 100.00 第11段 2156.34 186.19 5 4 80.00 第12段 1822.38 15013.95 5 4 80.00 第13段 1834.38 164.07 6 4 66.70 第14段 1746.58 161.22 5 5 100.00 第15段 2006.93 217.33 6 6 100.00 第16段 1703.84 188.04 6 5 83.33 第17段 1381.59 140.82 5 5 100.00 第18段 1708.42 170.52 5 4 80.00 第19段 1585.60 181.43 4 3 75.00 第20段 1363.26 123.13 3 3 100.00 第21段 1704.71 164.46 8 7 87.50 第22段 2187.61 221.22 8 6 75.00 第23段 2127.99 223.97 8 6 75.00 第24段 1816.60 190.89 6 6 100.00 第25段 1586.50 145.88 5 4 80.00 第26段 1252.46 125.24 5 5 100.00 第27段 933.16 101.91 4 4 100.00 
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