Slope engineering in the deeply incised valleys of the Tibetan Plateau: key challenges and strategic considerations
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摘要: 近年来，随着人类工程活动逐步向青藏高原及其周缘的不断扩展，青藏高原深切峡谷区边坡失稳（如大型滑坡）日益频发，对重大工程规划建设和人民生命财产安全构成了严重威胁。文章在青藏高原构造活动特征概述的基础上，分析了青藏高原构造活动对边坡稳定性的控制作用，进而提出了青藏高原深切峡谷区边坡工程规划建设面临的问题与认识及思考与建议。研究表明：青藏高原活动构造与边坡稳定性分布具有明显的一致性，构造活动与边坡稳定性在时间上具有显著的同步性，构造活动分别为边坡失稳发生提供了地形地貌、物质基础、动力条件和诱发因素；青藏高原面临区域构造应力作用控制深切峡谷边坡稳定性、深切峡谷区反向边坡稳定性需要重新认识、傍山边坡地下工程水平埋深需要转换观念等问题。文章提出了青藏高原深切峡谷区边坡工程优先设计在南向、西向和南西向边坡处，而避免设计在北向、北东向和东向边坡处，顺向坡深部稳定性优于反向坡，把傍山边坡地下工程应设计在应力原始区等认识；建议开展青藏高原深切峡谷形态特征及其失稳机制、青藏高原构造快速隆升背景下深切峡谷地应力场演化规律、青藏高原深切峡谷地应力场空间分布特征等定量研究。研究成果为青藏高原地区边坡工程规划建设和灾害防治提供了参考依据。Abstract:
Objective As human engineering activities expanded into the Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding areas, slope instabilities—particularly large-scale landslides—in deeply incised valleys have occurred with increasing frequency, posing severe threats to major infrastructure projects and public safety. This study evaluates how regional tectonic activity controls slope stability and outlines key challenges, insights, and strategic recommendations for slope engineering planning and construction in these deeply incised valleys. Methods Based on an overview of the tectonic activity characteristics across the Tibetan Plateau, the controlling influence of tectonic activity on slope stability was systematically analyzed. Problems encountered in slope engineering planning were identified, leading to practical engineering recommendations and strategic directions for future research. Results Tectonic activity exhibits strong spatial consistency and temporal synchronicity with slope instability across the plateau. Tectonic processes provide the essential structural and geomorphic boundaries, material sources, dynamic conditions, and triggering factors for slope failures. Key challenges include the dominant control of regional tectonic stress on valley slope stability, the need to re-evaluate reverse slope stability in deeply incised valleys, and the required paradigm shift regarding the horizontal cover depth for mountain-adjacent underground works. Analysis suggests that slope engineering should prioritize south-, west-, and southwest-facing slopes while avoiding north-, northeast-, and east-facing slopes. Furthermore, the deep-seated stability of consequent slopes is superior to that of reverse slopes, and underground structures along mountain slopes should be situated within the unperturbed in-situ stress zone. Conclusions Future research must focus on quantitative investigations into: (1) the morphological characteristics and failure mechanisms of deeply incised valleys; (2) the evolution of in-situ stress fields under rapid tectonic uplift; and (3) the spatial distribution of in-situ stress fields across the plateau. Significance The findings provide critical theoretical guidelines and engineering references for slope design, infrastructure planning, and geohazard mitigation on the Tibetan Plateau. -
图 1 青藏高原构造活动特征
图中DEM数据来自12.5 m分辨率的ALOS-PALSAR DEM；活动断裂分布据Tapponnier et al.，2001修改Ⅰ—笨多滑坡；Ⅱ—白格滑坡；Ⅲ—大光包滑坡；Ⅳ—张家庄滑坡
Figure 1. Characteristics of tectonic activity on the Tibetan Plateau
The DEM data were derived from the ALOS-PALSAR with a resolution of 12.5 m; active faults are modified from Tapponnier et al. (2001).Ⅰ–Benduo landslide; Ⅱ–Baige landslide; Ⅲ–Daguangbao landslide; Ⅳ–Zhangjiazhuang landslide
图 2 青藏高原大型滑坡潜在发生岸坡示意图
图中DEM数据来自12.5 m分辨率的ALOS-PALSAR DEMa—青藏高原大型滑坡潜在发生岸坡分布图；b—笨多滑坡剖面图；c—白格滑坡剖面图；d—大光包滑坡剖面图；e—张家庄滑坡剖面图
Figure 2. Schematic diagrams of riverbank slopes prone to large-scale landslides on the Tibetan Plateau
(a) Distribution of riverbank slopes prone to large-scale landslides on the Tibetan Plateau; (b) Cross-section of the Benduo landslide; (c) Cross-section of the Baige landslide; (d) Cross-section of the Daguangbao landslide; (e) Cross-section of the Zhangjiazhuang landslideDEM data were derived from the ALOS-PALSAR with a resolution of 12.5 m.
图 3 深切峡谷地应力分布示意图（据黄润秋，2004修改）
W—边坡应力集中区自坡面向山体内部的水平深度；ΔW—边坡应力集中区的范围
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of in-situ stress distribution in a deeply incised valley (modified from Huang, 2004）
W–horizontal depth of the slope stress concentration zone measured from the slope surface into the mountain; ΔW–extent of the slope stress concentration zone
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