Refined characterization of the 3D fracture complexity index based on Well-Seismic Integration
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摘要: 精准表征地层裂缝复杂程度对于评估井漏风险及压裂增产改造效果等油气钻采全生命周期各阶段作业状况具有重要意义。为解决现有裂缝特征参数无法全面表征裂缝复杂程度的问题，以中国渤海某油田为研究对象，综合考虑裂缝开度与裂缝密度对裂缝复杂程度的影响，采用层次分析法与熵权法主客观组合赋权方式，建立基于专家决策与测井资料的一维裂缝复杂指数模型，进一步利用地震反演获得的裂缝发育程度属性体作为克里金插值的约束条件，从而构建三维裂缝复杂指数属性体。利用融合裂缝开度与裂缝密度表征裂缝复杂程度的方法，求取已钻井一维裂缝复杂指数剖面，与成像测井图片对比，结果表明裂缝复杂指数越大，对应深度下的成像测井显示裂缝条数越多或裂缝开度越大，印证了该方法表征裂缝复杂程度的可行性；在三维裂缝复杂指数模型中提取已钻井所在属性体剖面，与地层岩性及双侧向电阻率剖面对比，结果表明裂缝复杂指数越大，其双侧向电阻率响应差异越大，同时该井段岩性对应为潜山花岗片麻岩裂缝发育段，进一步证实了该方法的可靠性。研究成果可为钻井工程漏失风险预测及可压性评估提供理论参考和工程指导。Abstract:
Objective The accurate characterization of formation fracture complexity is of great significance for evaluating lost circulation risks, hydraulic fracturing stimulation effectiveness, and various operational stages throughout the oil and gas drilling and production lifecycle. Addressing the limitation of the inability of existing fracture characteristic parameters to comprehensively represent fracture complexity, this study proposes a method for establishing a 3D fracture complexity index based on the concept of Well-Seismic Integration. Using an oilfield in the Bohai Sea, China, for a case study, this method refines the characterization of formation fracture complexity. Methods Considering the influence of both fracture aperture and fracture intensity on fracture complexity, we establish a 1D fracture complexity index model. This model is based on expert decision-making and well-logging data; it uses a combined subjective and objective weighting approach that integrates the Analytic Hierarchy Process and the Entropy Weight Method. Furthermore, the fracture development degree attribute volume derived from seismic inversion is used as a constraint condition for Kriging interpolation to construct the 3D fracture complexity index attribute volume. Results This method is used to derive the 1D fracture complexity index profiles of drilled wells. Comparing these profiles with borehole image logs shows that a higher fracture complexity index corresponds to a greater number of fractures or larger fracture apertures at the corresponding depth, confirming the feasibility of this method for characterizing fracture complexity. In the 3D fracture complexity index model, the attribute volume profile is extracted along the drilled well and compared with formation lithology and dual laterolog profiles. The results indicate that a higher fracture complexity index corresponds to a greater difference in dual laterolog responses. Furthermore, the lithology of this well interval is identified as granitic basement gneiss, further validating the reliability of this method. Conclusions A fracture complexity index was constructed using a combined weighting approach that integrates the subjective Analytic Hierarchy Process and the objective Entropy Weight Method. This index not only reflects the extent of fracture distribution but also captures the internal structural heterogeneity of fractures. It addresses the issue of low prediction accuracy in existing lost circulation risk prediction methods, which rely solely on fracture intensity as the fracture-characterizing parameter. Moreover, it compensates for the limitations of current methods for evaluating hydraulic fracturing stimulation, which assess compressibility based on a single factor, such as fracture intensity or fracture aperture. [ Significance ] The research provides a theoretical foundation and engineering guidance for predicting lost circulation risk and assessing compressibility. -
图 1 辽中凹陷西斜坡某油田P1井测井解释成果图
RD、RS分别为深侧向电阻率、浅侧向电阻率
Figure 1. Interpretation of logging for Well P1 in an oilfield at the western slope of the Liaozhong Sag
RD and RS denote the deep lateral resistivity and shallow lateral resistivity, respectively.
图 2 地震属性体切片（主测线 1054）
a—原始地震切片；b—经中值滤波算法进行去噪后的地震切片；c—经混沌体算法进行不连续性检测后的地震切片；d—经产状控制蚂蚁体算法识别后的裂缝分布
Figure 2. Seismic attribute volume slices (Inline 1054)
(a) Original seismic slice; (b) Seismic slice after denoising by the median filtering algorithm; (c) Seismic slice after discontinuity detection by the chaotic volume algorithm; (d) Fracture distribution identified by the occurrence-controlled ant tracking volume algorithm
图 3 基于主客观组合赋权的裂缝复杂指数建立流程
Figure 3. Workflow for establishing the fracture complexity index based on a combined subjective−objective weighting method
图 4 辽中凹陷西斜坡某油田P1井一维裂缝复杂指数剖面
成像测井图片中红色线表示成像测井识别的裂缝
Figure 4. 1D fracture complexity index profile of Well P1 in an oilfield at the western slope of the Liaozhong Sag
The red lines represent the fractures identified by imaging logging.
图 5 三维裂缝复杂指数属性体空间展布及连井剖面
a—未采用蚂蚁体约束的裂缝复杂指数；b—采用产状控制蚂蚁体约束的裂缝复杂指数
Figure 5. Spatial distribution of 3D fracture complexity index attribute volume and well-connecting profile
(a) Fracture complexity index without ant tracking volume constraint; (b) Fracture complexity index with ant tracking volume constraint
图 6 辽中凹陷西斜坡某油田P5井裂缝复杂指数质量控制
RD、RS分别为深侧向电阻率、浅侧向电阻率
Figure 6. Quality control of the fracture complexity index for Well P5 in an oilfield at the western slope of the Liaozhong Sag
RD and RS denote the deep lateral resistivity and shallow lateral resistivity, respectively.
表 1 蚂蚁追踪算法基本参数
Table 1. Basic parameters of the ant tracking algorithm
参数 含义 特点 取值范围 初始边界范围 定义单只蚂蚁的有效搜索范围 数值降低可增强微小断裂捕捉能力，但会降低整体搜索效率 3～7 路径偏离容差 蚁群路径允许偏离的最大角度 容差增大可增强复杂弯曲断裂识别能力，但可能引入假阳性结果 0～3 搜索基本步长 蚂蚁搜索单次移动的基准距离 步长增加可扩大搜索范围，但可能导致部分细节特征丢失 2～6 允许非法步长 允许超越基准步长的最大范围 容限提高可增强连续断裂追踪能力，但会增加计算复杂度 1～2 必须合法步长 有效路径必须包含的合法步数 步长降低可增强断裂网络连通性，但可能降低构造解释精度 1～3 搜索终止阈值 蚂蚁搜索中非法步数占比上限 阈值提高可增强复杂构造搜索能力，但可能过度平滑构造边界 5～10 
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表 2 熵权法获取裂缝开度与裂缝密度的客观权重系数
Table 2. Objective weight coefficients of fracture aperture and fracture intensity obtained by the Entropy Weight Method
指标 裂缝开度 裂缝密度 信息熵值 0.9708 0.9657 差异系数 0.0292 0.0343 权重系数 0.4597 0.5403
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表 3 组合赋权法获取裂缝开度与裂缝密度的最优权重系数
Table 3. Optimal weight coefficients of fracture aperture and fracture intensity obtained by combined weighting method
指标 权重系数 熵权法 层次分析法 组合赋权法 裂缝开度 0.4597 0.3333 0.3852 裂缝密度 0.5403 0.6667 0.6148
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