The marine environment and organic matter enrichment model of the intracontinental Upper Yangtze Craton during the Middle Triassic
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摘要: 泥灰岩的勘探潜力是当前油气领域拓展的前沿。近期，在四川盆地充探1井中三叠统雷口坡组三段发现泥灰岩海相非常规油气，昭示了雷口坡组新的勘探领域和前景。然而目前对该套盐下潟湖泥灰岩沉积的有机质富集机制和勘探潜力不明，制约了进一步的油气勘探。以川中地区充探1井为重点研究对象，通过岩矿特征和古海洋地球化学环境指标揭示了泥灰岩的有机质富集机制，再基于储层表征和沉积相分析明确了该非常规储层的性能与发育分布，以揭示其勘探潜力。结果表明，雷口坡组泥灰岩的沉积背景为台地潟湖缺氧环境，且具有高的古生产力条件，总有机碳含量（TOC）平均为1.16%，最高可达1.78%，为还原条件和生产力双控制的有机质富集；泥灰岩“甜点段”的储层CT和SEM实验结果揭示储集空间以纳米–微米级微孔、微裂缝为主，孔隙度在3%以上；其发育背景为陆表海碳酸盐台地内的泥灰质深水潟湖、含膏质浅水潟湖。台地内广阔的深水潟湖分布与雷三段2亚段沉积期处于最大海泛期有关，同时由于当时的季风气候大大促进了风化增强及营养元素输入，上覆海退成因的蒸发岩为有机质的长期高效保存提供了保障。综合分析认为上扬子克拉通内坳陷雷三段海泛期发育广泛分布的富有机质深水潟湖相泥灰岩，既是非常规油气的勘探目标，也能为雷口坡组常规储层提供烃源。Abstract:
Objective The exploration of marlstone reservoirs represents a current frontier for expanding oil and gas resources. The recent discovery of unconventional marine oil and gas in the Lei 3-2 sub-member of the Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation in Well CT-1 reveals a new prospective area. However, the organic matter enrichment mechanisms and exploration potential of this sub-salt lagoon marlstone remain unclear, hindering further exploration. Methods This study, focusing on Well CT-1 in the central Sichuan Basin, investigates the organic matter enrichment mechanism through rock mineralogy and paleo-oceanographic geochemical proxies. This study also characterizes the reservoir properties and distribution via reservoir characterization and sedimentary facies analysis to evaluate its potential. Results The marlstone was deposited in an anoxic, deep-water lagoon of a carbonate platform with high paleo-productivity. The enrichment of organic matter, with an average total organic carbon (TOC) content of 1.16% (reaching up to 1.78%), was co-controlled by these reducing conditions and high productivity. Analyses (CT and SEM) of the high-quality "sweet spot" intervals show that the storage space is predominantly composed of nano- to micro-scale pores and microfractures, with porosity exceeding 3%. The reservoir developed in a deep-water, marlstone- and gypsum-rich lagoon within an epicontinental sea carbonate platform. Conclusion The widespread distribution of deep-water lagoons during the deposition of the Lei 3-2 sub-member is associated with a maximum flooding event. Concurrently, the prevailing monsoon climate significantly enhanced weathering and nutrient input, while the overlying regressive evaporites provided a seal for long-term and efficient organic matter preservation. [Significance] Comprehensive analysis suggests that the extensively distributed, organic-rich deep-water lagoon marlstone formed during this transgression in the intracontinental sag of the Upper Yangtze Craton is not only a viable unconventional exploration target but also likely acts as a hydrocarbon source for conventional reservoirs within the Leikoupo Formation. -
图 1 四川盆地及邻区中三叠世地质背景
a—华南板块古地理（图中红色方框为研究区位置）；b—雷口坡组与巴东组地层柱状图（据李凌等，2012；Faure et al.，2016； Zhong et al.，2020修改）
Figure 1. Geological setting of the Sichuan Basin and adjacent areas during the Middle Triassic
(a) Paleogeography of the South China Block (the red rectangle indicates the study area); (b) Stratigraphic column of the Leikoupo and Badong formations (modified from Li et al., 2012; Faure et al., 2016; Zhong et al., 2020)
图 2 川中地区三叠系雷三段2亚段孔隙及裂缝特征
a—粒间溶孔（3531.5 m，合川125井）；b—微裂缝（3600 m，充探1井）；c—顺层缝（2286.5 m，合川125井）；d—多期次微裂缝被石膏充填，可见纹层（3560.5 m，充探1井）；e—裂缝（3567.92 m，充探1井）；f—顺层微裂缝（3600.5 m，充探1井）；g—荧光薄片，多期次微裂缝被石膏充填（3560.5 m，充探1井）；h—荧光薄片，见沥青充填（3567.92 m，充探1井）；i—荧光薄片，微裂缝，见沥青充填微孔隙（3567.92 m，充探1井）
Figure 2. Pore and fracture characteristics of the Lei 3-2 sub-member in the central Sichuan Basin
(a) Intergranular dissolution pore, 3531.5 m, Well HC-125; (b) Microfracture, 3600 m, Well CT-1; (c) Bedding-parallel fracture, 2286.5 m, Well HC-125; (d) Multistage microfractures filled with gypsum, showing laminae, 3560.5 m, Well CT-1; (e) Fracture, 3567.92 m, Well CT-1; (f) Bedding-parallel microfractures, 3600.5 m, Well CT-1; (g) Fluorescent thin section, multistage microfractures filled with gypsum, 3560.5 m, Well CT-1; (h) Fluorescent thin section, asphalt filling, 3567.92 m, Well CT-1; (I) Fluorescent thin section, microfractures with asphalt-filled micropores, 3567.92 m, Well CT-1
图 3 川中地区充探1井雷三段2亚段物性特征
a—孔隙度特征；b—渗透率特征
Figure 3. Physical properties of the Lei 3-2 sub-member in Well CT-1, central Sichuan Basin
(a) Porosity; (b) Permeability
图 4 川中地区充探1井雷三段2亚段泥灰岩储层孔隙结构CT特征
a—3560 m灰质泥岩，发育顺层缝及缝内有机孔；b—3602 m泥质灰岩，发育有机孔
Figure 4. CT characteristics of pore structures in the marlstone reservoir of the Lei 3-2 sub-member in Well CT-1, central Sichuan Basin
(a) Calcareous mudstone at 3560 m, showing bedding-parallel fractures with organic pores; (b) Argillaceous limestone at 3602 m, showing densely developed organic pores
图 5 川中地区充探1井雷三段2亚段综合柱状图（TOC数据引用自汪泽成等，2023）
Figure 5. Comprehensive stratigraphic column of the Lei 3-2 sub-member from Well CT-1 in the central Sichuan Basin (TOC data from Wang et al., 2023)
图 6 川中地区三叠系雷三段岩性特征
a—灰色粉晶灰岩（2328.4 m，雷三段3亚段，磨030-H16井）；b—粉晶灰岩-裂缝充填方解石（2315.85～2316.07 m，雷三段3亚段，磨030-H16井）；c—细粉晶白云岩（2292.79 m，雷三段3亚段，磨030-H16井）；d—泥灰岩（2314.19-2314.26 m，雷三段2亚段，合川125井）；e—深灰色灰泥岩（3561.3m，雷三段2亚段，充探1井）；f—深灰色泥灰岩（3560.5m，雷三段2亚段，充探1井）；g—泥灰岩横截面（3567.06，雷三段2亚段，充探1井）；h—泥灰岩（3567.06 ～3567.47 m，雷三段2亚段，充探1井）；i—泥灰岩（2291m，雷三段2亚段，合川125井）；j—含膏灰质云岩（2540.90 m，雷三段3亚段，遂47井）；k—粉晶云岩（2529.10 m，雷三段2亚段，遂47井）；l—泥灰岩（3602 m，雷三段2亚段，充探1井）
Figure 6. Lithological characteristics of the Triassic Lei 3 Member in the central Sichuan Basin
(a) Gray micritic limestone, 2328.4 m, Lei 3-3 sub-member, Well Mo 030-H16; (b) Micritic limestone with fracture-filled calcite, 2315.85–2316.07 m, Lei 3-3 sub-member, Well Mo 030-H16; (c) Fine dolomicrite, 2292.79 m, Lei 3-3 sub-member, Well Mo 030-H16; (d) Marlstone, 2314.19–2314.26 m, Lei 3-2 sub-member, Well HC-125; (e) Dark gray argillaceous limestone, 3561.3 m, Lei 3-2 sub-member, Well CT-1; (f) Dark gray argillaceous limestone, 3560.5 m, Lei 3-2 sub-member, Well CT-1; (g) Cross-section of calcareous marlstone, 3567.06 m, Lei 3-2 sub-member, Well CT-1; (h) Calcareous marlstone, 3567.06–3567.47 m, Lei 3-2 sub-member, Well CT-1; (I) Calcareous mud shale, 2291 m, Lei 3-2 sub-member, Well HC-125; (j) Gypsum-bearing calcareous dolostone, 2540.90 m, Lei 3-3 sub-member, Well Sui-47; (k) Dolomicrite, 2529.10 m, Lei 3-2 sub-member, Well Sui-47; (l) Marlstone, 3602 m, Lei 3-2 sub-member, Well CT-1
图 7 川中地区三叠系雷三段2亚段薄片微观特征
a—泥灰岩，裂缝可见石膏充填物（3560.5 m，充探1井）；b—膏质白云岩（3236.5 m，充探1井）；c—中晶含灰云岩，间溶孔+孔壁边缘见微量沥青质（3523 mm，充探1井）；d—泥晶云岩（2350 m，合川125井）；e—含灰质膏岩 (+)（3486 m, 充探1井）；f—灰质膏岩（3490 m，充探1井）；g—泥晶灰岩，可见石膏晶体（3567.3 m，充探1井）；h—泥灰岩，见石膏，见微裂缝（3598 m，充探1井）；i—泥晶灰岩（3600.5 m，充探1井）
Figure 7. Microscopic characteristics of thin sections of the Lei 3-2 sub-member in the central Sichuan Basin
(a) Marlstone with gypsum-filled fractures, 3560.5 m, Well CT-1; (b) Gypsum-bearing dolostone, 3236.5 m, Well CT-1; (c) Medium-crystalline calcareous dolostone with intercrystalline dissolution pores and minor bitumen on pore walls, 3523 m, Well CT-1; (d) Micritic dolostone, 2350 m, Well HC-125; (e) Calcareous gypsum rock (+), 3486 m, Well CT-1; (f) Gypsum-bearing limestone, 3490 m, Well CT-1; (g) Micritic limestone with gypsum crystals, 3567.3 m, Well CT-1; (h) Marlstone with gypsum and microfractures, 3598 m, Well CT-1; (I) Micritic limestone, 3600.5 m, Well CT-1
图 8 过充探1井沉积微相连井对比图
RT—电阻率；DEN—密度；GR—自然伽马；GNL—井径扩大量 岩性图例同图5；右下角图为连井位置导航图
Figure 8. Correlation profile of sedimentary microfacies across Well CT-1
Legend for lithology see Fig. 5, Inset: location map.The logging curves include resistivity (RT), density (DEN), natural gamma ray (GR), and caliper enlargement (CNL).
图 9 川中地区三叠系雷口坡组三段岩相古地理及地层厚度展布图
图中虚线为蒸发岩厚度等值线图a—雷三段2亚段①小层 ；b—雷三段2亚段②小层；c—雷三段2亚段③小层
Figure 9. Lithofacies paleogeography and stratigraphic thickness distribution of the Triassic Leikoupo Formation in the central Sichuan Basin
(a) Lei 3-2-1 sub-member; (b)Lei 3-2-2 sub-member; (c) Lei 3-2-3 sub-memberThe dashed lines in the figure are isopachs of evaporite thickness.
图 10 富有机质泥灰岩的古生产力指标散点图
a—雷三段2亚段PXS与TOC综合图；b—雷三段2亚段CuXS+NiXS+ZNXS与TOC综合图
Figure 10. Scatter plot of paleoproductivity indicators of organic-rich marlstone
(a) Integrated PXS and TOC profile of the Lei 3-2 sub-member; (b) Integrated profile of CuXS + NiXS + ZNXS and TOC of the Lei 3-2 sub-member
图 11 富有机质泥灰岩的氧化还原指标散点图
a—雷三段2亚段（Cu+Mo）/Zn散点图；b—雷三段2亚段V/（V+Ni）散点图
Figure 11. Scatter plot of redox indicators from organic-rich marlstone
(a) Scatter plot of (Cu + Mo)/Zn for the Lei 3-2 sub-member; (b) Scatter plot of V/(V + Ni) for the Lei 3-2 sub-member
图 12 富有机质泥灰岩的古盐度指标散点图
a—雷三段2亚段Sr/Ba散点图；b—雷三段2亚段B/Ga散点图
Figure 12. Scatter plot of paleosalinity indicators from organic-rich marlstone
(a) Scatter plot of Sr/Ba for the Lei 3-2 sub-member; (b) Scatter plot of B/Ga for the Lei 3-2 sub-member
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