Diagenesis of microbial dolomite reservoirs in the second Member of Dengying Formation of Ediacaran in the Penglai area, Sichuan Basin: Insights into the formation and evolution of high-quality reservoirs
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摘要: 四川盆地蓬莱地区埃迪卡拉系灯影组二段（灯二段）微生物岩广泛分布，被视为深层碳酸盐岩的潜在油气勘探目标。与常规的孔隙型和岩溶缝洞型优质储层不同，灯二段碳酸盐岩主要由微生物白云岩组成，其优质储层成因及成岩演化过程尚不清晰。研究基于野外露头和钻井取芯资料，结合岩石薄片、扫描电镜、阴极发光、CT扫描等测试手段，对灯影组微生物岩白云岩储层进行详细分析，旨在深入理解成岩作用对孔隙形成及优质储层发育的影响。研究结果显示，研究区微生物岩储层以低孔、特低渗，裂缝−孔隙（洞）型微生物石白云岩为主，储集空间以粒间溶孔、残余格架溶孔、粒内溶孔及中小型溶洞为主，并发育少量晶间孔及晶间溶孔；灯二段经历了多种成岩作用的叠加改造，其准同生溶蚀及早表生溶蚀作用是提高孔隙度的关键因素。研究成果加深了对四川盆地埃迪卡拉系微生物岩优质储层成因的认识，为四川盆地深层油气勘探开发提供了有益信息。Abstract:
Objective The microbial dolomite of the second Member of the Dengying Formation（Deng 2 Member） in the Penglai area of the Sichuan Basin is widely distributed and considered a potential target for deep carbonate oil and gas exploration. Unlike conventional high-quality reservoirs characterized by porosity and karst fractures, the carbonate rocks of the Deng 2 Member mainly consist of microbial dolomite. The genesis and diagenetic evolution of these high-quality reservoirs remain unclear. Methods This study employed petrographic thin sections, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cathodoluminescence, and computed tomography （CT）scanning to conduct a detailed analysis of the microbial dolomite reservoirs in the Dengying Formation, using field outcrop and core samples. The aim was to gain a deeper understanding of the effects of diagenesis on pore formation and the development of high-quality reservoirs. Results and Conclusion The microbial carbonate reservoirs in the study area were characterized by low porosity and very low permeability, predominantly consisting of fracture-porosity (cavity) type microbial dolomite. The reservoir space was primarily composed of intergranular dissolution pores, residual framework dissolution pores, intragranular dissolution pores, and small to medium-sized dissolution cavities, with minor occurrences of intercrystalline pores and intercrystalline dissolution pores. The Deng 2 Member has undergone multiple diagenetic processes; penecontemporaneous dissolution and early epigenetic dissolution were key factors in enhancing porosity. Significance These findings enhance the understanding of the genesis of high-quality microbial carbonate reservoirs in the Ediacaran System of the Sichuan Basin and provide valuable information for deep oil and gas exploration and development in the region. -
Key words:
- reservoir genesis /
- microbial dolomite /
- Dengying Formation /
- Penglai area /
- Sichuan Basin
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南方海相下志留统龙马溪组已实现页岩气的商业化开发[1~4]，近年来的勘探结果揭示[5~8]，下寒武统筇竹寺组(又名“牛蹄塘组”)页岩是具有良好的页岩气勘探潜力。湘西北石门—慈利地区慈页1井获取100.88 m下寒武统牛蹄塘组黑色泥页岩，在井深2600~2749 m处泥页岩解析气量为0.33~0.95 m3/t，现场岩心解析气点火成功；川西南坳陷威远构造的金页1HF井试求产期间日产气4.73×104~7.08×104 m3；城口地区CD1井寒武系90 ℃现场解析气最高4 m3/t。前期研究结果显示[9~11]，下寒武统筇竹寺组泥页岩在云南、贵州等地区分布广泛，但将页岩作为储层而言，缺乏对筇竹寺组泥页岩矿物组成、岩石物性和孔隙类型等方面的研究；尤其缺少对泥页岩的显微孔隙结构、孔隙形态及空间分布特点的研究。为弥补以上2方面的不足，以滇东曲靖地区曲页1井下寒武统筇竹寺组暗色泥页岩为研究对象，基于有机地化、孔隙度、渗透率及扫描电镜等分析测试，研究泥页岩孔隙类型与特征，探讨储层矿物组成和孔隙发育特征及其主控因素，为滇东曲靖地区下寒武统页岩气的勘探开发提供基础数据支撑。
1. 区域地质概况
滇东曲靖地区从震旦纪—志留纪基本处于较稳定的陆表海沉积环境[12]。该区经历多期构造运动，褶皱、断裂等构造非常发育，受控于一系列的南北向、北东向断裂带[13](见图 1)。
图 1 工区地质简图及曲页1井位置F1—小江断裂；F2—鲁冲-车乌大断层；F3—宣威断层；F4—昭通-曲靖隐伏深大断裂；F5—十里铺断层；F6—法戛大断层；F7—弥勒-师宗深大断裂Figure 1. Geological map of the study area and the location of Well Quye NO. 1下寒武统在滇东地区广泛出露，自下而上发育渔户村组、筇竹寺组、沧浪铺组、龙王庙组，岩性主要是白云岩—粉砂岩—页岩，其中筇竹寺组为水体相对较深、能量较低的浅水陆棚沉积[6, 13, 14]。曲页1井是2014年中国地质调查局油气资源调查中心在该区针对筇竹寺组部署的一口页岩气地质调查井，完钻井深1106.15 m，自上而下钻遇第四系、下寒武统沧浪铺组、筇竹寺组、渔户村组、上震旦统灯影组、陡山沱组以及南沱组。该井钻遇筇竹寺组的厚度为323.38 m，岩性主要为深灰色、灰黑色粉砂质泥页岩、钙质泥页岩夹灰黑色钙质粉砂岩，部分裂隙发育，岩石破碎(见图 2)。
图 2 曲页1井下寒武统筇竹寺组采样点及地层柱状图Figure 2. Sampling sites and stratum histogram in lower Cambrian Qiongzhusi formation, Well Quye NO. 12. 样品采集与测试
研究采集了77块曲页1井245.75 m~535.91 m井段的深灰—灰黑色粉砂质泥页岩、钙质泥页岩夹灰黑色钙质粉砂岩，采样位置见图 2，进行了全岩和粘土矿物X衍射分析、总有机碳含量(TOC)、岩石物性、比表面积、扫描电镜等测试分析。
分析测试在四川省科源工程技术测试中心和中国矿业大学完成。全岩及粘土矿物X衍射分析测试采用X′Pert Powder衍射仪、依据SY/T5163-2010标准完成；岩石物性测试采用Coretest AP-608孔隙度—渗透率测试仪、依据SY/T5336-2006完成；TOC测试采用CS230碳硫仪、依据GB/T 19145-2003完成；比表面积测试采用QUDRASORB SI比表面分析仪、依据GB/T 21650.3-2011完成；扫描电镜分析采用FEI Quanta 250仪、依据SY/T 5162-2014器完成。
3. 测试结果
3.1 岩石矿物组成
从77块岩心样品中，按均匀分布的原则，选取33块样品X衍射全岩矿物分析结果表明，其矿物组成主要是粘土矿物、石英，其次是长石和碳酸盐类矿物，其中石英的平均含量为44.75%，粘土矿物的平均含量25.47%，长石的平均含量为16.44%，铁白云石平均含量为6.09%，方解石平均含量为4.89%、还有少量的黄铁矿等矿物(见图 3)。粘土矿物主要为伊利石、绿泥石，其次为伊蒙混层，其中伊利石平均含量为48.88%，绿泥石平均含量为43.29%，伊蒙混层平均为7.82%(见图 3)。
图 3 曲页1井下寒武统筇竹寺组泥页岩矿物成分及粘土矿物含量Figure 3. Mineral composition and clay content of shales in Qiongzhusi formation in lower Cambrian, Well Quye NO. 13.2 总有机碳含量
从77块岩心样品中，选取的67块泥页岩样品的TOC含量变化大，井深245.75~424.49 m TOC平均为0.18%/37块；井深429.57~558.27 m TOC平均为1.57%/30块。垂向上，TOC在井深400~500 m有明显增大的趋势，从0.2%增加至2.6%(见图 2)。
3.3 储层孔隙度和渗透率
筇竹寺组泥页岩样品的孔隙度介于0.26%~3.01%，平均为1.56%，且分布较集中，1%~2%的样品占样品总数的58.54%；渗透率介于(0.0030~0.0476)×10-3 μm2，平均为0.0183×10-3 μm2，属特低孔低渗储层(见表 1)。
表 1 曲页1井下寒武统筇竹寺组泥页岩孔隙度和渗透率Table 1. Porosity vs. permeability of shales in Qiongzhusi formation in lower Cambrian, Well Quye NO. 1样品
编号埋深
/m孔隙度
/%渗透率
/×10-3μm2QY1-Y57 276.03 1.78 0.0193 QY1-Y56 281.26 1.56 0.0184 QY1-J4 295.03 2.18 0.0136 QY1-J5 301.94 3.01 0.0275 QY1-Y52 302.95 1.94 0.0196 QY1-Y50 313.75 1.35 0.0476 QY1-Y48 324.29 1.73 0.0149 QY1-J9 326.42 2.45 0.0361 QY1-Y47 328.54 1.69 0.0190 QY1-Y46 333.39 1.14 0.0188 QY1-J13 362.48 2.57 0.0275 QY1-Y41 371.07 1.64 0.0170 QY1-Y40 378.8 2.24 0.0153 QY1-J16 388.19 2.00 0.0116 QY1-J18 402.37 1.18 0.0030 QY1-J19 415.83 0.77 0.0076 QY1-J21 430.6 1.82 0.0110 QY1-J23 442.31 0.86 0.0103 QY1-Y33 442.75 1.94 0.0429 QY1-J25 451.23 1.18 0.0121 QY1-J27 457.06 2.10 0.0088 QY1-Y32 457.66 2.34 0.0399 QY1-J29 463.02 1.59 0.0067 QY1-J31 469.14 1.61 0.0117 QY1-Y30 471.00 1.72 0.0308 QY1-J32 474.12 1.72 0.0078 QY1-Y28 484.47 2.17 0.0256 QY1-J34 484.64 1.81 0.0077 QY1-Y27 492.56 0.91 0.0211 QY1-J36 496.78 1.43 0.0113 QY1-Y26 498.44 0.38 0.0179 QY1-Y25 501.06 0.48 0.0279 QY1-J38 513.22 1.07 0.0103 QY1-Y22 523.81 1.88 0.0255 QY1-Y20 535.75 0.81 0.0276 QY1-J40 535.91 1.89 0.0073 QY1-Y18 547.95 0.26 0.0104 QY1-Y17 552.47 1.47 0.0150 QY1-Y16 556.93 0.37 0.0183 QY1-Y14 567.17 1.65 0.0162 QY1-Y13 572.19 1.15 0.0095 3.4 孔隙体积
245.75 m~535.91 m井段的15块筇竹寺组暗色泥页岩的平均孔隙直径2.7823~4.8119 nm(见表 2)，根据国际理论和应用化学协会(IUPAC)的孔隙分类方案[15]，认为筇竹寺组属中孔隙。孔隙体积为0.0030~0.0147 ml/g, 平均为0.0079 ml/g。
表 2 曲页1井下寒武统筇竹寺组泥页岩比表面积测试结果Table 2. Test results of specific surface area of shales in Qiongzhusi formation in lower Cambrian, Well Quye NO. 1样品编号 QY1-J1 QY1-J5 QY1-J9 QY1-J11 QY1-J13 QY1-J15 QY1-J19 QY1-J21 QY1-J23 QY1-J25 QY1-J27 QY1-J32 QY1-J36 QY1-J38 QY1-J40 井深/m 245.75 301.94 326.42 338.15 362.48 382.89 415.83 430.6 442.31 451.23 457.06 474.12 496.78 513.22 535.91 表面积/(m2/g) 5.3130 3.9960 4.0330 3.2980 2.0870 2.8000 10.5310 6.1420 1.8000 4.3920 4.2500 4.7990 8.2760 1.9500 2.6860 孔隙体积/(ml/g) 0.0103 0.0076 0.0074 0.0068 0.0050 0.0060 0.0147 0.0116 0.0030 0.0072 0.0096 0.0081 0.0118 0.0042 0.0054 平均孔径/nm 3.8690 3.7985 3.6923 4.1234 4.8119 4.2959 2.7823 3.7632 3.3439 3.2928 4.5177 3.3714 2.8579 4.2600 4.0343 4. 孔隙特征及其影响因素
4.1 矿物组分垂向变化特征
从曲页1井钻井剖面垂向变化趋势上看，随深度增加筇竹寺组泥页岩石英含量虽变化不明显，但整体趋势是含量增高，长石含量随深度增加逐渐升高，粘土矿物含量逐渐降低，但在井深301.94~363.22 m石英含量和粘土矿物含量的变化趋势相反(见图 4)；粘土矿物随深度增加伊利石含量总体变低，绿泥石含量总体变高。
图 4 曲页1井下寒武统筇竹寺组泥页岩矿物成分纵向变化特征Figure 4. Vertical variation of mineral composition of shales in Qiongzhusi formation in lower Cambrian, Well Quye NO. 14.2 储集空间类型及特征
扫描电镜是研究泥页岩储层空间类型的主要分析方法。Ross and Bustin运用扫描电镜方法指出页岩孔隙由颗粒间孔隙、颗粒内孔隙、有机质孔隙组成[16]。蒲泊伶等认为川南地区龙马溪组孔裂隙主要为基质无机孔、有机孔和微裂缝三大类[17]。杨峰等运用氩离子抛光电镜观测到南方海相筇竹寺组页岩中发育大量多种形态纳米级孔，主要分布于有机质间和有机质内，直径为5~750 nm，平均100 nm[18]。于炳松等根据定性观察孔隙产状，提出了页岩气储层孔隙的产状—结构综合分类方案，将页岩气储层的孔隙类型划分为与岩石颗粒发育无关的和与岩石颗粒发育有关的两大类，前者为裂缝孔隙，后者为岩石基质孔隙，岩石基质孔隙进一步分成粒间孔隙和有机质孔隙，同时结合定量测定的孔隙结构信息，将孔隙划分为微孔隙、中孔隙和宏孔隙[19~20]。
基于扫描电镜分析方法，对筇竹寺组泥页岩储层进行了详细观察，结果表明筇竹寺组泥页岩孔隙发育较好，类型包括粒间孔、粒内孔和有机质孔3类。
粒间孔是矿物颗粒之间的孔隙，在脆性矿物颗粒间和粘土矿物颗粒间常见，孔隙形态和孔径分布范围较大，前者呈多角状、孔径多在几十微米到几百微米之间，后者多呈条状，孔径介于几百纳米与几微米左右(见图 5a)。粒内孔呈蜂窝状或分散状发育在颗粒内部，主要由颗粒部分或全部溶解而形成的铸模孔、粘土及云母矿物颗粒内的解理面孔和长石及方解石的溶蚀孔等孔隙组成(见图 5b、5c)，这是筇竹寺组泥页岩储层中常见的孔隙类型。孔隙呈不规则状，大小不一，多为微米级别。有机质孔是有机质在热演化过程中收缩和排出气体时产生，干酪根的分布是此类孔隙发育的物质基础。研究发现筇竹寺组泥页岩储层发育大量的有机质孔，分布密集，形态多呈圆形或椭圆形，蜂窝状分布，彼此不连通，孔径50~300 nm(见图 5d)。
图 5 曲页1井下寒武统筇竹寺组泥页岩储集空间类型a-粘土矿物粒间；b-溶蚀孔；c-溶蚀孔；d-有机质孔Figure 5. Scanning electron microscope images of pore types in shales in Qiongzhusi formation in lower Cambrian, Well Quye NO.14.3 孔隙体积影响因素
孔隙体积是决定页岩储层评价的主要因素，因此分析孔隙体积的影响因素对页岩气的勘查开发具有重要的借鉴意义。曲页1井筇竹寺组暗色泥页岩随深度增加，其孔隙体积有逐渐变小，从301.94 m的0.0076 ml/g降至535.91 m的0.0054 ml/g，但在井深400~500 m发育高孔隙体积，孔隙体积平均为0.0097 ml/g(见图 6)。
图 6 曲页1井下寒武统筇竹寺组泥页岩中孔体积纵向变化特征Figure 6. Vertical variation of mesopore volume of shales in Qiongzhusi formation in lower Cambrian, Well Quye NO.1比表面积结果显示，曲页1井的孔隙体积以中孔体积为主，通过对比曲页1井纵向上矿物含量、有机碳含量、中孔体积的变化曲线，试图寻求其相关关系。结果表明，中孔体积和有机碳含量呈良好的正相关关系(见图 7a)，和石英含量呈一定的负相关(见图 7b)。筇竹寺组发育大量的有机孔，这与有机碳含量高导致泥页岩的比表面积增大是有直接关系的。石英是高成熟的刚性矿物，抗压实作用强，对原生孔隙的保存和后期裂缝的形成有积极作用。扫描电镜结果显示，石英颗粒间发育大量宏孔级别的粒间孔，这说明石英对宏孔的形成贡献较大，但对于中孔而言，石英的贡献如何是值得进一步探讨的。
图 7 曲页1井筇竹寺组黑色页岩中孔体积和有机碳、石英含量关系Figure 7. Corelation between the mesopore volumn and the content of TOC & quartz in the dark shales in the Qiongzhusi formation, Well Quye NO. 15. 结论
滇东曲靖地区下寒武统筇竹寺组泥页岩厚度大，有机碳含量平均为1.56%，有机质孔隙发育，以中孔为主，具有一定的页岩气勘探开发潜力。
(1) 泥页岩储层矿物组成主要是石英(44.75%)、粘土矿物(25.47%)、长石(16.44%)及少量的碳酸盐岩矿物和黄铁矿，其中粘土矿物主要为伊利石、绿泥石；随深度增加，粘土矿物含量变少，而长石含量变高。
(2) 泥页岩储层属特低孔低渗储层，具备一定的储集能力，发育有机质孔、粒间孔和粒内孔3种类型；孔隙体积以中孔体积为主，自上而下逐渐变小，在井深400~500 m发育高异常的孔隙体积发育带。
(3) 泥页岩储层中孔隙体积受总有机碳含量影响明显，因此，泥页岩储集性能的重要指标—孔隙度主要受有机质含量及发育程度的制约。
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图 1 研究区位置及构造和地层发育特征
a—四川盆地轮廓及蓬莱气区位置图（Wang et al.，2019）；b—蓬莱气区埃迪卡拉系灯影组优势相带平面分布图；c—蓬莱气区埃迪卡拉系灯影组综合柱状图（据文龙等，2023修改）
Figure 1. The location of the study area and the characteristics of tectonic and stratigraphic development
(a) Contour map of Sichuan Basin and location of the Penglai gas field (Wang et al., 2019); (b) Plane distribution map of the dominant facies of Dengying Formation in the Penglai gas area; (c) Comprehensive histogram of the Ediacaran Dengying Formation in the Penglai gas area (modified according to Wen et al., 2023)
图 2 蓬莱地区灯影组二段岩石薄片特征
a—凝块石云岩，黄色箭头为藻凝块，蓬探101井5750.93 m，单偏光；b—泡沫绵层白云岩，黄色箭头为泡沫棉层，中深102井6056.47 m，单偏光；c—叠层石云岩，黄色箭头为叠层构造，蓬深4井6185.70～6185.91 m，单偏光；d—微生物纹层云岩，早期孔隙被充填，黄色箭头为微生物纹层，蓬探101井5765.36 m，单偏光；e—粉晶云岩，局部见藻纹层，孔洞发育，黄色箭头为微生物纹层，蓬探101井5751.82 m，单偏光；f—细晶白云岩，黄色箭头为细晶白云石，蓬探101井5744.40 m，正交偏光
Figure 2. Microscopic rock thin section characteristics of the second Member of Dengying Formation in the Penglai area
(a) Clotted dolomite, algae clots (yellow arrows), Well Pengtan 101 5750.93 m, under plane-polarized light; (b) Foam spongy dolomite, foam structure (yellow arrows), Well Zhongshen 102 6056.47 m, under plane-polarized light; (c) Stromatolite dolomite, laminated structure (yellow arrows), Well Pengshen 4 6185.70～6185.91 m, under plane-polarized light; (d) Microbial laminated dolomite, early pores were filled, microbial laminae (yellow arrows), Well Pengtan 101 5765.36 m, under plane-polarized light; (e) Powder crystal dolomite, with localized algal laminations and developed pores, microbial laminae (yellow arrows), Well Pengtan 101 5751.82 m, under plane-polarized light; (f) Fine crystalline dolomite, fine crystalline dolomite (yellow arrows), Well Pengtan 101 5744.40 m, under cross-polarized light
图 3 蓬莱地区灯影组二段岩石CT扫描结果
a—储集空间包括溶洞（红色）、溶孔（蓝色）、裂缝（绿色），孔隙度为11.72%，蓬探101井5757.86 m；b—储集空间包括溶洞（红色）、溶孔（蓝色），孔隙度9.94%，蓬探101井5762.05 m；c—储集空间主要为溶孔（蓝色），少量微裂缝（红色），孔隙度4.13%，蓬探102井5863.38 m；d—储集空间以溶孔（蓝色）为主，孔隙度2.25%，蓬探101井5881.37 m
Figure 3. Computed tomography (CT) scan results of rocks in the second Member of Dengying Formation in the Penglai area
(a) The reservoir space includes caves (red), pores (blue), and fractures (green), with a porosity of 11.72 %, Well Pengtan 101 5757.86 m.; (b) The reservoir space includes caves (red) and pores (blue), with a porosity of 9.94 %, Well Pengtan 101 5762.05 m ; (c) The reservoir reservoir space is mainly pores (blue), a small amount of fractures (red), with a porosity of 4.13 %, Well Pengtan 102l 5863.38 m; (d) The reservoir space is dominated by pores (blue), with a porosity of 2.25 %, Well Pengtan 101 5881.37 m
图 4 蓬莱地区灯影组二段岩石铸体薄片特征
a—凝块石白云岩，粒间溶孔，蓬探103井5943.69 m，黄色箭头为粒间溶孔；b—凝块石白云岩，见残余粒间溶孔，蓬深5井5669.00 m，黄色箭头为残余粒间溶孔；c—藻屑白云岩，粒间溶孔发育，蓬探1井5734.51 m，黄色箭头为粒间溶孔；d—凝块石白云岩，残余格架孔，蓬探1井5774.45 m，黄色箭头为残余格架孔；e—凝块石白云岩，残余格架孔发育，蓬深5井5711.84 m，黄色箭头为残余格架孔；f—粉晶—细晶白云岩，晶间孔较发育，中深102井6037.00 m，黄色箭头为晶间孔；g—凝块石白云岩，粒内溶孔，面孔率5%，蓬探101井5729.29 m，黄色箭头为粒内溶孔；h—藻泡沫绵层白云岩，铸模孔发育，面孔率15%，蓬探1井5731.25 m，黄色箭头为铸模孔；i—砂屑白云岩，粒内溶孔较发育，面孔率3%~5%，中深103井5883.66 m，黄色箭头为粒内孔
Figure 4. Characteristics of rock cast thin sections of the second Member of of Dengying Formation in the Penglai area
(a) Tuff dolomite, intergranular dissolved pores, Well Pengtan 103 5943.69 m, intergranular pores (yellow arrows); (b) Thrombolite dolomite, with residual intergranular dissolved pores, Well Pengshen 5 5669.00 m, residual intergranular pores (yellow arrows) ; (c) Algae dolomite, intergranular dissolved pore development, Well Pengtan 1 5734.51 m, intergranular pores (yellow arrows); (d) Tuff dolomite, residual framework hole, Well Pengtan 1 5774.45 m, residual grid holes (yellow arrows); (e) Tuff dolomite, residual framework hole development, Well Pengshen 5 5711.84 m, residual grid holes (yellow arrows); (f) Powder-fine grained dolomite, intergranular pores are more developed, Well Zhongshen 102 6037.00 m, intercrystalline pores (yellow arrows); (g) Tuff dolomite, intragranular dissolved pores, face rate of 5 %, Well Pengtan 101 5729.29 m, intragranular pores (yellow arrows); (h) Algae foam spongy dolomite, mold hole development, the surface porosity is 15 %, Well Pengtan 1 5731.25 m, mold hole (yellow arrows); (i) Sandy dolomite, intragranular dissolved pores are more developed, the surface porosity is 3%−5%, Well Zhongshen 103 5883.66 m, intragranular pores (yellow arrows)
图 5 蓬莱地区灯影组二段储层溶蚀孔发育特征
a—凝块石白云岩，溶沟被泥质半充填—近全充填，蓬探101井5712.65~5712.79 m，黄色箭头指向溶沟充填；b—凝块石白云岩，蜂窝状溶洞，蓬探101井5773.13~5773.33 m，黄色箭头指向蜂窝状溶洞
Figure 5. Characteristics of dissolution pore development of the second Member of Dengying Formation in the Penglai area
(a) Condensate dolomite, karst ditch is semi-filled by mud-nearly full-filled, Well Pengtan 101 5712.65−5712.79 m, filled karst gully (yellow arrows); (b) Tuff-dolomite, honeycomb-shaped cave, Well Pengtan 101 5773.13−5773.33 m, honeycomb-shaped cave (yellow arrow)
图 6 蓬莱地区灯影组二段裂缝发育特征
a—砂屑白云岩，高角度裂缝发育，蓬探1井5729.80~5729.85 m，黄色箭头指向高角度裂缝；b—凝块石白云岩，多期构造缝发育，蓬探1井5785.59 m，黄色箭头指向构造裂缝；c—凝块石白云岩，压溶缝及溶沟，蓬探103井5734.07~5734.27 m，黄色箭头指向压溶缝；d—凝块石白云岩，裂缝切穿孔隙，蓬探1井5780.84 m，黄色箭头指向孔隙被裂缝切穿
Figure 6. Fracture development characteristics of the second Member of Dengying Formation in the Penglai area
(a) Sandy dolomite, high angle fracture development, Well Pengtan 1 5729.80m to 5729.85 m, high-angle fracture (yellow arrows); (b) Tuff dolomite, multi-stage structural fracture development, Well Pengtan 1 5785.59 m, structural fractures (yellow arrows); (c) Tuff dolomite, pressure solution fracture and solution ditch, Well Pengtan 103 5734.07 m to 5734.27 m, pressure dissolved pores (yellow arrow); (d) Tuff dolomite, fractures cut through pores, Well Pengtan 1 5780.84 m, pores cut through by cracks (yellow arrows)
图 7 蓬莱地区灯影组二段储层孔隙度和渗透率分布直方图
a—全直径岩芯孔隙度频率分布直方图；b—全直径岩芯样渗透率频率直方图
Figure 7. Porosity and permeability distribution histogram of reservoir in the second Member of Dengying Formation in the Penglai area
(a) Full-diameter core porosity frequency distribution histogram; (b) Full-diameter core sample permeability frequency histogram
图 8 蓬莱地区灯二段主要成岩作用
a—藻凝块白云岩，粒内溶孔发育（准同生），蓬探1井5731.29 m，黄色箭头指向格架孔；b—藻凝块白云岩，选择性溶蚀（准同生），蓬探101井5757 m，黄色箭头指向格架孔；c—顺层孔洞（准同生），蓬探1井5740.83～5740.95 m，黄色箭头指向早表生溶洞；d—凝块石白云岩溶沟及溶洞，半充填（表生），蓬深4井6224.51～6224.66 m，黄色箭头指向早表生溶洞；e—花边云岩，见岩溶角砾，溶蚀孔洞多期白云石−沥青半充填（表生），蓬深4井6197.67 m，黄色箭头指向岩溶角砾；f—埋藏溶洞及伴生鞍状（埋藏），蓬探103井5929.02～5929.11 m，黄色箭头指向鞍状白云石；g—藻砂屑云岩，发育葡萄花边构造，残余孔中充填沥青（表生），蓬探101井5712.74 m，Cd1、Cd2、Cd3、Cd4分别为纤维状白云石胶结物、叶片状白云石胶结物、细—中晶白云石胶结物和粗晶鞍状白云石胶结物；h—角砾状白云岩，砾间被粗晶鞍状白云石胶结（埋藏），蓬探101井5762.70 m，Cd4为粗晶鞍状白云石胶结物；i—岩溶角砾，溶蚀孔洞部分被中—粗晶鞍状白云石胶结物充填，蓬深5井5672.77 m，黄色箭头为细—中晶白云岩
Figure 8. Main diagenesis of the second Member of Dengying Formation in the Penglai area
(a) Algae clotted dolomite, with well-developed intragranular pores (quasi-syngenetic), framework pores (yellow arrows), Well Pengtan 1 5731.29 m; (b) Algae clotted dolomite, selective dissolution (quasi-syngenetic), framework pores (yellow arrows), Well Pengtan 101 5757 m; (c) Bedding pores and caves (quasi-syngenetic), early epigenetic caves (yellow arrows), Well Pengtan 1 5740.83−5740.95 m,; (d) Thrombolite dolomite karst gullies and caves, semi-filled (supergenetic), early epigenetic caves (yellow arrows), Well Pengshen 4 6224.51−6224.66 m; (e) Lace dolomite, with karst breccia, and the dissolved pores and caves are semi-filled with multi-stage dolomite-asphalt (supergene), karst breccia (yellow arrows), Well Pengshen 4 6197.67 m,; (f) Buried karst caves and associated saddles (buried), saddle dolomite (yellow arrows), Well Pengtan 103 5929.02-5929.11 m, ; (g) Algae sand-clast dolomite, with grape lace structure developed, and residual pores filled with asphalt (supergene),Well Pengtan 101 5712.74 m, Cd1, Cd2, Cd3, Cd4 are fibrous dolomite cement, foliated dolomite cement, fine-medium crystalline dolomite cement and coarse-crystalline saddle dolomite cement, respectively; (h) Brecciated dolomite, with coarse-crystalline saddle dolomite cemented between gravels (buried), Well Pengtan 101 5762.70 m, Cd4 is coarse-crystalline saddle dolomite cement; (i) Karst breccia, with dissolved pores partially filled with medium-coarse crystalline saddle dolomite cement, fine-medium-crystalline dolomite (yellow arrows), Well Pengshen 5 5672.77 m
图 9 蓬莱地区灯影组二段单井成岩演化事件
Figure 9. Diagenetic evolution events of the second Member of the Dengying Formation in the Penglai area
图 10 四川盆地蓬莱气区微生物凝块石白云岩储层的形成与演化模式
Figure 10. Formation and evolution model of microbial thrombolite dolomite reservoir in the Penglai area, Sichuan Basin
(a) Sedimentation period; (b) Penecontemporaneous period; (c) Storage period; (d) Tectonic uplift period
图 11 四川盆地蓬莱气区微生物叠层石白云岩储层的形成与演化模式
Figure 11. Formation and evolution model of microbial stromatolite dolomite reservoir in the Penglai area, Sichuan Basin
(a) Sedimentation period; (b) Penecontemporaneous period; (c) Storage period; (d) Tectonic uplift period
表 1 蓬莱地区灯影组灯二段储层孔隙度
Table 1. Reservoir porosity of the second Member of Dengying Formation in the Penglai area
井号 孔隙度/% 样品
个数最低 最高 平均 中值 蓬深5 2.01 7.81 3.46 3.00 34 蓬探1 2.71 6.68 4.85 4.60 8 蓬探101 2.00 12.78 4.61 4.22 97 蓬探102 2.00 5.31 3.18 3.22 21 蓬探103 2.23 8.92 4.52 3.56 23 中深103 2.08 7.06 3.26 2.90 13 
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表 2 蓬莱地区灯影组灯二段储层渗透率
Table 2. Reservoir permeability of the second Member of Dengying Formation in the Penglai area
井号 渗透率/mD 样品
个数最低 最高 平均 中值 蓬深5 0.017 4.860 0.394 0.140 32 蓬探1 0.014 0.129 0.058 0.035 7 蓬探101 0.040 0.857 0.206 0.099 29 蓬探102 0.038 0.569 0.175 0.100 18 蓬探103 0.013 0.647 0.237 0.200 20 中深103 0.011 3.100 0.908 0.617 13
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