Diagenesis of microbial dolomite reservoirs in the second Member of Dengying Formation of Ediacaran in the Penglai area, Sichuan Basin: Insights into the formation and evolution of high-quality reservoirs
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摘要: 四川盆地蓬莱地区埃迪卡拉系灯影组二段（灯二段）微生物岩广泛分布，被视为深层碳酸盐岩的潜在油气勘探目标。与常规的孔隙型和岩溶缝洞型优质储层不同，灯二段碳酸盐岩主要由微生物白云岩组成，其优质储层成因及成岩演化过程尚不清晰。研究基于野外露头和钻井取芯资料，结合岩石薄片、扫描电镜、阴极发光、CT扫描等测试手段，对灯影组微生物岩白云岩储层进行详细分析，旨在深入理解成岩作用对孔隙形成及优质储层发育的影响。研究结果显示，研究区微生物岩储层以低孔、特低渗，裂缝−孔隙（洞）型微生物石白云岩为主，储集空间以粒间溶孔、残余格架溶孔、粒内溶孔及中小型溶洞为主，并发育少量晶间孔及晶间溶孔；灯二段经历了多种成岩作用的叠加改造，其准同生溶蚀及早表生溶蚀作用是提高孔隙度的关键因素。研究成果加深了对四川盆地埃迪卡拉系微生物岩优质储层成因的认识，为四川盆地深层油气勘探开发提供了有益信息。Abstract:
Objective The microbial dolomite of the second Member of the Dengying Formation（Deng 2 Member） in the Penglai area of the Sichuan Basin is widely distributed and considered a potential target for deep carbonate oil and gas exploration. Unlike conventional high-quality reservoirs characterized by porosity and karst fractures, the carbonate rocks of the Deng 2 Member mainly consist of microbial dolomite. The genesis and diagenetic evolution of these high-quality reservoirs remain unclear. Methods This study employed petrographic thin sections, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cathodoluminescence, and computed tomography （CT）scanning to conduct a detailed analysis of the microbial dolomite reservoirs in the Dengying Formation, using field outcrop and core samples. The aim was to gain a deeper understanding of the effects of diagenesis on pore formation and the development of high-quality reservoirs. Results and Conclusion The microbial carbonate reservoirs in the study area were characterized by low porosity and very low permeability, predominantly consisting of fracture-porosity (cavity) type microbial dolomite. The reservoir space was primarily composed of intergranular dissolution pores, residual framework dissolution pores, intragranular dissolution pores, and small to medium-sized dissolution cavities, with minor occurrences of intercrystalline pores and intercrystalline dissolution pores. The Deng 2 Member has undergone multiple diagenetic processes; penecontemporaneous dissolution and early epigenetic dissolution were key factors in enhancing porosity. Significance These findings enhance the understanding of the genesis of high-quality microbial carbonate reservoirs in the Ediacaran System of the Sichuan Basin and provide valuable information for deep oil and gas exploration and development in the region. -
Key words:
- reservoir genesis /
- microbial dolomite /
- Dengying Formation /
- Penglai area /
- Sichuan Basin
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图 1 研究区位置及构造和地层发育特征
a—四川盆地轮廓及蓬莱气区位置图（Wang et al.，2019）；b—蓬莱气区埃迪卡拉系灯影组优势相带平面分布图；c—蓬莱气区埃迪卡拉系灯影组综合柱状图（据文龙等，2023修改）
Figure 1. The location of the study area and the characteristics of tectonic and stratigraphic development
(a) Contour map of Sichuan Basin and location of the Penglai gas field (Wang et al., 2019); (b) Plane distribution map of the dominant facies of Dengying Formation in the Penglai gas area; (c) Comprehensive histogram of the Ediacaran Dengying Formation in the Penglai gas area (modified according to Wen et al., 2023)
图 2 蓬莱地区灯影组二段岩石薄片特征
a—凝块石云岩，黄色箭头为藻凝块，蓬探101井5750.93 m，单偏光；b—泡沫绵层白云岩，黄色箭头为泡沫棉层，中深102井6056.47 m，单偏光；c—叠层石云岩，黄色箭头为叠层构造，蓬深4井6185.70～6185.91 m，单偏光；d—微生物纹层云岩，早期孔隙被充填，黄色箭头为微生物纹层，蓬探101井5765.36 m，单偏光；e—粉晶云岩，局部见藻纹层，孔洞发育，黄色箭头为微生物纹层，蓬探101井5751.82 m，单偏光；f—细晶白云岩，黄色箭头为细晶白云石，蓬探101井5744.40 m，正交偏光
Figure 2. Microscopic rock thin section characteristics of the second Member of Dengying Formation in the Penglai area
(a) Clotted dolomite, algae clots (yellow arrows), Well Pengtan 101 5750.93 m, under plane-polarized light; (b) Foam spongy dolomite, foam structure (yellow arrows), Well Zhongshen 102 6056.47 m, under plane-polarized light; (c) Stromatolite dolomite, laminated structure (yellow arrows), Well Pengshen 4 6185.70～6185.91 m, under plane-polarized light; (d) Microbial laminated dolomite, early pores were filled, microbial laminae (yellow arrows), Well Pengtan 101 5765.36 m, under plane-polarized light; (e) Powder crystal dolomite, with localized algal laminations and developed pores, microbial laminae (yellow arrows), Well Pengtan 101 5751.82 m, under plane-polarized light; (f) Fine crystalline dolomite, fine crystalline dolomite (yellow arrows), Well Pengtan 101 5744.40 m, under cross-polarized light
图 3 蓬莱地区灯影组二段岩石CT扫描结果
a—储集空间包括溶洞（红色）、溶孔（蓝色）、裂缝（绿色），孔隙度为11.72%，蓬探101井5757.86 m；b—储集空间包括溶洞（红色）、溶孔（蓝色），孔隙度9.94%，蓬探101井5762.05 m；c—储集空间主要为溶孔（蓝色），少量微裂缝（红色），孔隙度4.13%，蓬探102井5863.38 m；d—储集空间以溶孔（蓝色）为主，孔隙度2.25%，蓬探101井5881.37 m
Figure 3. Computed tomography (CT) scan results of rocks in the second Member of Dengying Formation in the Penglai area
(a) The reservoir space includes caves (red), pores (blue), and fractures (green), with a porosity of 11.72 %, Well Pengtan 101 5757.86 m.; (b) The reservoir space includes caves (red) and pores (blue), with a porosity of 9.94 %, Well Pengtan 101 5762.05 m ; (c) The reservoir reservoir space is mainly pores (blue), a small amount of fractures (red), with a porosity of 4.13 %, Well Pengtan 102l 5863.38 m; (d) The reservoir space is dominated by pores (blue), with a porosity of 2.25 %, Well Pengtan 101 5881.37 m
图 4 蓬莱地区灯影组二段岩石铸体薄片特征
a—凝块石白云岩，粒间溶孔，蓬探103井5943.69 m，黄色箭头为粒间溶孔；b—凝块石白云岩，见残余粒间溶孔，蓬深5井5669.00 m，黄色箭头为残余粒间溶孔；c—藻屑白云岩，粒间溶孔发育，蓬探1井5734.51 m，黄色箭头为粒间溶孔；d—凝块石白云岩，残余格架孔，蓬探1井5774.45 m，黄色箭头为残余格架孔；e—凝块石白云岩，残余格架孔发育，蓬深5井5711.84 m，黄色箭头为残余格架孔；f—粉晶—细晶白云岩，晶间孔较发育，中深102井6037.00 m，黄色箭头为晶间孔；g—凝块石白云岩，粒内溶孔，面孔率5%，蓬探101井5729.29 m，黄色箭头为粒内溶孔；h—藻泡沫绵层白云岩，铸模孔发育，面孔率15%，蓬探1井5731.25 m，黄色箭头为铸模孔；i—砂屑白云岩，粒内溶孔较发育，面孔率3%~5%，中深103井5883.66 m，黄色箭头为粒内孔
Figure 4. Characteristics of rock cast thin sections of the second Member of of Dengying Formation in the Penglai area
(a) Tuff dolomite, intergranular dissolved pores, Well Pengtan 103 5943.69 m, intergranular pores (yellow arrows); (b) Thrombolite dolomite, with residual intergranular dissolved pores, Well Pengshen 5 5669.00 m, residual intergranular pores (yellow arrows) ; (c) Algae dolomite, intergranular dissolved pore development, Well Pengtan 1 5734.51 m, intergranular pores (yellow arrows); (d) Tuff dolomite, residual framework hole, Well Pengtan 1 5774.45 m, residual grid holes (yellow arrows); (e) Tuff dolomite, residual framework hole development, Well Pengshen 5 5711.84 m, residual grid holes (yellow arrows); (f) Powder-fine grained dolomite, intergranular pores are more developed, Well Zhongshen 102 6037.00 m, intercrystalline pores (yellow arrows); (g) Tuff dolomite, intragranular dissolved pores, face rate of 5 %, Well Pengtan 101 5729.29 m, intragranular pores (yellow arrows); (h) Algae foam spongy dolomite, mold hole development, the surface porosity is 15 %, Well Pengtan 1 5731.25 m, mold hole (yellow arrows); (i) Sandy dolomite, intragranular dissolved pores are more developed, the surface porosity is 3%−5%, Well Zhongshen 103 5883.66 m, intragranular pores (yellow arrows)
图 5 蓬莱地区灯影组二段储层溶蚀孔发育特征
a—凝块石白云岩，溶沟被泥质半充填—近全充填，蓬探101井5712.65~5712.79 m，黄色箭头指向溶沟充填；b—凝块石白云岩，蜂窝状溶洞，蓬探101井5773.13~5773.33 m，黄色箭头指向蜂窝状溶洞
Figure 5. Characteristics of dissolution pore development of the second Member of Dengying Formation in the Penglai area
(a) Condensate dolomite, karst ditch is semi-filled by mud-nearly full-filled, Well Pengtan 101 5712.65−5712.79 m, filled karst gully (yellow arrows); (b) Tuff-dolomite, honeycomb-shaped cave, Well Pengtan 101 5773.13−5773.33 m, honeycomb-shaped cave (yellow arrow)
图 6 蓬莱地区灯影组二段裂缝发育特征
a—砂屑白云岩，高角度裂缝发育，蓬探1井5729.80~5729.85 m，黄色箭头指向高角度裂缝；b—凝块石白云岩，多期构造缝发育，蓬探1井5785.59 m，黄色箭头指向构造裂缝；c—凝块石白云岩，压溶缝及溶沟，蓬探103井5734.07~5734.27 m，黄色箭头指向压溶缝；d—凝块石白云岩，裂缝切穿孔隙，蓬探1井5780.84 m，黄色箭头指向孔隙被裂缝切穿
Figure 6. Fracture development characteristics of the second Member of Dengying Formation in the Penglai area
(a) Sandy dolomite, high angle fracture development, Well Pengtan 1 5729.80m to 5729.85 m, high-angle fracture (yellow arrows); (b) Tuff dolomite, multi-stage structural fracture development, Well Pengtan 1 5785.59 m, structural fractures (yellow arrows); (c) Tuff dolomite, pressure solution fracture and solution ditch, Well Pengtan 103 5734.07 m to 5734.27 m, pressure dissolved pores (yellow arrow); (d) Tuff dolomite, fractures cut through pores, Well Pengtan 1 5780.84 m, pores cut through by cracks (yellow arrows)
图 7 蓬莱地区灯影组二段储层孔隙度和渗透率分布直方图
a—全直径岩芯孔隙度频率分布直方图；b—全直径岩芯样渗透率频率直方图
Figure 7. Porosity and permeability distribution histogram of reservoir in the second Member of Dengying Formation in the Penglai area
(a) Full-diameter core porosity frequency distribution histogram; (b) Full-diameter core sample permeability frequency histogram
图 8 蓬莱地区灯二段主要成岩作用
a—藻凝块白云岩，粒内溶孔发育（准同生），蓬探1井5731.29 m，黄色箭头指向格架孔；b—藻凝块白云岩，选择性溶蚀（准同生），蓬探101井5757 m，黄色箭头指向格架孔；c—顺层孔洞（准同生），蓬探1井5740.83～5740.95 m，黄色箭头指向早表生溶洞；d—凝块石白云岩溶沟及溶洞，半充填（表生），蓬深4井6224.51～6224.66 m，黄色箭头指向早表生溶洞；e—花边云岩，见岩溶角砾，溶蚀孔洞多期白云石−沥青半充填（表生），蓬深4井6197.67 m，黄色箭头指向岩溶角砾；f—埋藏溶洞及伴生鞍状（埋藏），蓬探103井5929.02～5929.11 m，黄色箭头指向鞍状白云石；g—藻砂屑云岩，发育葡萄花边构造，残余孔中充填沥青（表生），蓬探101井5712.74 m，Cd1、Cd2、Cd3、Cd4分别为纤维状白云石胶结物、叶片状白云石胶结物、细—中晶白云石胶结物和粗晶鞍状白云石胶结物；h—角砾状白云岩，砾间被粗晶鞍状白云石胶结（埋藏），蓬探101井5762.70 m，Cd4为粗晶鞍状白云石胶结物；i—岩溶角砾，溶蚀孔洞部分被中—粗晶鞍状白云石胶结物充填，蓬深5井5672.77 m，黄色箭头为细—中晶白云岩
Figure 8. Main diagenesis of the second Member of Dengying Formation in the Penglai area
(a) Algae clotted dolomite, with well-developed intragranular pores (quasi-syngenetic), framework pores (yellow arrows), Well Pengtan 1 5731.29 m; (b) Algae clotted dolomite, selective dissolution (quasi-syngenetic), framework pores (yellow arrows), Well Pengtan 101 5757 m; (c) Bedding pores and caves (quasi-syngenetic), early epigenetic caves (yellow arrows), Well Pengtan 1 5740.83−5740.95 m,; (d) Thrombolite dolomite karst gullies and caves, semi-filled (supergenetic), early epigenetic caves (yellow arrows), Well Pengshen 4 6224.51−6224.66 m; (e) Lace dolomite, with karst breccia, and the dissolved pores and caves are semi-filled with multi-stage dolomite-asphalt (supergene), karst breccia (yellow arrows), Well Pengshen 4 6197.67 m,; (f) Buried karst caves and associated saddles (buried), saddle dolomite (yellow arrows), Well Pengtan 103 5929.02-5929.11 m, ; (g) Algae sand-clast dolomite, with grape lace structure developed, and residual pores filled with asphalt (supergene),Well Pengtan 101 5712.74 m, Cd1, Cd2, Cd3, Cd4 are fibrous dolomite cement, foliated dolomite cement, fine-medium crystalline dolomite cement and coarse-crystalline saddle dolomite cement, respectively; (h) Brecciated dolomite, with coarse-crystalline saddle dolomite cemented between gravels (buried), Well Pengtan 101 5762.70 m, Cd4 is coarse-crystalline saddle dolomite cement; (i) Karst breccia, with dissolved pores partially filled with medium-coarse crystalline saddle dolomite cement, fine-medium-crystalline dolomite (yellow arrows), Well Pengshen 5 5672.77 m
图 9 蓬莱地区灯影组二段单井成岩演化事件
Figure 9. Diagenetic evolution events of the second Member of the Dengying Formation in the Penglai area
图 10 四川盆地蓬莱气区微生物凝块石白云岩储层的形成与演化模式
Figure 10. Formation and evolution model of microbial thrombolite dolomite reservoir in the Penglai area, Sichuan Basin
(a) Sedimentation period; (b) Penecontemporaneous period; (c) Storage period; (d) Tectonic uplift period
图 11 四川盆地蓬莱气区微生物叠层石白云岩储层的形成与演化模式
Figure 11. Formation and evolution model of microbial stromatolite dolomite reservoir in the Penglai area, Sichuan Basin
(a) Sedimentation period; (b) Penecontemporaneous period; (c) Storage period; (d) Tectonic uplift period
表 1 蓬莱地区灯影组灯二段储层孔隙度
Table 1. Reservoir porosity of the second Member of Dengying Formation in the Penglai area
井号 孔隙度/% 样品
个数最低 最高 平均 中值 蓬深5 2.01 7.81 3.46 3.00 34 蓬探1 2.71 6.68 4.85 4.60 8 蓬探101 2.00 12.78 4.61 4.22 97 蓬探102 2.00 5.31 3.18 3.22 21 蓬探103 2.23 8.92 4.52 3.56 23 中深103 2.08 7.06 3.26 2.90 13 
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表 2 蓬莱地区灯影组灯二段储层渗透率
Table 2. Reservoir permeability of the second Member of Dengying Formation in the Penglai area
井号 渗透率/mD 样品
个数最低 最高 平均 中值 蓬深5 0.017 4.860 0.394 0.140 32 蓬探1 0.014 0.129 0.058 0.035 7 蓬探101 0.040 0.857 0.206 0.099 29 蓬探102 0.038 0.569 0.175 0.100 18 蓬探103 0.013 0.647 0.237 0.200 20 中深103 0.011 3.100 0.908 0.617 13
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