Formation and catastrophic evolution of giant landslides in the alpine canyon area of western China
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摘要: 中国西部水电工程大多位于高山峡谷内，复杂的工程地质条件导致峡谷库岸滑坡灾害分布广泛。基于西部高山峡谷水电工程区的工程地质特征，系统分析了地形、地质构造、滑体物质、坡体结构和水文地质条件与滑坡的成生发育关系，并总结了典型滑坡的类型、特征及其灾变演化的力学机制。研究结果表明：西部高山峡谷滑坡以坡度30°~50°、高程超过1000 m、体积超过100×104 m3的滑坡为主；三叠系、奥陶系和志留系为典型的易滑地层；降雨和水库蓄水导致侵蚀基准面抬升、侵蚀范围扩大，库区水位的反复升降导致涉水滑坡体前缘岩土体性质降低。西部高山峡谷区滑坡类型主要分为以牵引式滑坡、推移式滑坡和复合式滑坡为主的堆积层滑坡以及以顺层岩质滑坡、溃屈型岩质滑坡、反倾岩质滑坡和座落式滑坡为主的岩质滑坡，不同类型的滑坡其演化过程不同，滑坡灾变机理也有所差异。研究成果将对西部高山峡谷区的滑坡识别、监测、预警以及防治具有一定的指导意义。Abstract:
Objective Most hydroelectric projects in western China are located in alpine canyons. The intricate geological engineering conditions in this area have contributed to the widespread distribution of landslide disasters across the reservoir banks of hydroelectric projects. Methods Based on the engineering geological characteristics of western alpine canyons, correlations between topography, geological structure, landslide material, slope structure, hydrogeological conditions, and the formation and progression of landslides were analyzed. We also delineated the types and features of landslide development in the western region, as well as the mechanisms governing the evolution of typical landslide disasters. Results Results indicate that the landslides were characterized by slopes ranging from 30° to 50°, elevations exceeding 1000 m, and volumes surpassing one million cubic meters. Triassic, Ordovician, and Silurian strata were identified as the principal slippery strata in this area. Rainfall and reservoir impoundment significantly influenced landslide stability, leading to erosion, datum uplift, and range expansion. Water level fluctuations resulted in diminished rock and soil properties along the leading edge of advancing landslides. Conclusion The most frequent landslides in the western alpine region included accumulated landslides dominated by traction, thrust, and composite mechanisms and rock landslides dominated by bedding, buckling, anti-dip, and seating mechanisms. Significance This study elucidates landslide disaster mechanisms under varying evolutionary and mechanical failure processes, providing significant guidance for the identification, monitoring, early warning, and prevention of landslide disasters in the western region. -
图 2 库区77个典型滑坡发育分布图
Figure 2. Distribution of 77 typical landslide developments in the reservoir area
图 3 牵引式滑坡受力分析模型（变量含义见文中）
Figure 3. Mechanical model of buckling failure for rock slopes
图 5 复合式滑坡演化示意图（易志坚，2010）
Figure 5. Diagram of evolution of complex landslide（Yi，2010）
(a) Unoading bounce-slip-compression strain fracture deformation stage; (b) Step creep, sliding surface through stage (leading edge instability); (c) steep creep, sliding surface through stage (integral trailing edge slide); (d) Landslide classification sliding-river blocking stage
图 6 复合式滑坡地质力学模型
Figure 6. Geomechanical model for complex landslide
(a) Physical and mechanical model of sliding slope; (b) Mechanics and deformation characteristics of landslide evolution
图 7 顺层岩质滑坡演化概念模型（Tang et al.，2015）
Figure 7. Conceptual model of the evolution of consequent bedding rockslides (Tang et al., 2015)
图 8 顺层岩质滑坡渐进锁固力学模型
Figure 8. Progressive locking mechanical model of consequent bedding rockslides
图 9 典型溃屈型滑坡演化示意图（闫国强等，2022）
Figure 9. Evolution diagram of typical buckling landslide (Yan et al., 2022)
(a) Slight flexural uplift ; (b) Strong uplift deformation; (c) Cutting through failure (slipping-fragmentation-dispersing)
图 11 反倾岩质边坡倾覆破坏力学模型（殷坤龙等，2014）
Figure 11. Mechanical model of counter-tilt rock slopes（Yin et al.，2014）
(a) Mechanical model of flexural slip deformation of superposed cantikver beam; (b) Bending deformation model of independent cantilever beam
表 1 中国西部地区地下水的主要类型
Table 1. Main classification of groundwater in the western region
类别 分布区域 补给方式 排泄方式 松散沉积物孔隙水 成都平原、断陷盆地、黄土高原 冰雪消融水、降水 河流外泄、蒸发排泄 基岩裂隙水 天山南麓、鄂尔多斯高原、黔北山地等高山丘陵区 降雨入渗、冰雪消融 泉水、蒸发、向山区河流的泻流 碳酸盐岩裂隙溶洞水 西南地区 降水、地表径流 泉水、泻流 冻土冻结水 阿尔泰山区及青藏高原地区 — — 
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表 2 滑坡发育流域统计
Table 2. Basin statistics of landslide development
流域 岷江 雅砻江 金沙江 大渡河 滑坡数量 20 36 13 8 占比/% 26 47 17 10
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表 3 滑坡发育高程统计
Table 3. Elevation statistics of landslide development
高程/m 500~1000 1000~2000 >2000 滑坡数量 14 38 22 占比/% 19 51 30
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表 4 滑坡发育体积分类统计
Table 4. Volume statistics of landslide development
体积/
×104m3小型
（<10）中型
（10~100）大型
（100~1000）特大型
（1000~10000）巨型
（>10000）滑坡数量 1 9 23 34 8 占比/% 1 12 31 45 11
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表 5 滑坡发育岸别统计
Table 5. Bank statistics of landslide development
流域 岷江 雅砻江 金沙江 大渡河 左岸滑坡数量 11 9 6 5 右岸滑坡数量 9 27 7 3
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表 6 滑坡发育坡度统计
Table 6. Slope gradient statistics of landslide development
坡度/（°） 10~20 20~30 30~40 40~50 50~60 滑坡数量 1 7 41 14 2 占比/% 1 11 63 22 3
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表 7 滑坡发育坡高统计
Table 7. Slope height statistics of landslide development
坡高/m 0~200 200~400 400~600 600~800 800~1000 1000~1200 滑坡数量 11 27 15 14 2 5 占比/% 15 36 20 19 3 7
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表 8 滑坡发育地层统计
Table 8. Stratigraphic unit statistics of landslide development
地层 元古界 寒武系 奥陶系、志留系 泥盆系 二叠系 三叠系 滑坡数量 2 2 27 3 1 34 占比/% 3 3 39 4 2 49
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表 9 滑坡发育岸坡结构统计
Table 9. Bank slope structure statistics of landslide development
岸坡结构 顺向坡 逆向坡 斜向坡 滑坡数量 27 22 1 占比/% 54 44 2
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