Formation and evolution of the Yuncheng Salt Lake and sources of the saline ions
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摘要: 运城盐湖位于汾渭地堑系的核心部位，是中国乃至世界上开发较早的盐湖，但对其基础地质背景的研究却相对薄弱，缺乏统一的认识。文章聚焦新生代地貌巨变过程与汾渭地堑系形成、黄河贯通三门峡峡谷东流入海与三门古湖消亡、汾河改道退出运城盆地与运城盐湖形成以及中条山北缘断裂持续活动形成山前凹陷4个主要阶段，探讨运城盐湖的形成演化过程，并结合区域上重点层位的地球化学元素分析，探讨盐湖盐类物质的主要来源。研究结果显示，古近纪至新近纪中新世中期，中国大陆东部的滨太平洋构造域和西部的青藏高原构造域共同开启了运城盐湖演化的序幕；距今约70万年的早—中更新世，黄河贯通三门峡峡谷东流入海，三门古湖消亡，运城盐湖的雏形开始形成；距今约7万年的晚更新世中期，汾河发生改道退出运城盆地，运城盐湖由开放体系进入封闭体系，运城盐湖最终形成；随后在中条山北缘断裂的持续活动作用下，形成了一个大面积的沉积洼地，大量的含盐类矿物质在这里汇集，经过长期的沉淀蒸发，最终形成了天然盐湖；运城盐湖的盐类物质主要来源于深部成矿盐层，控制盐湖的主要断裂提供了盐类物质的主要通道，中条山北缘中元古界蓟县系龙家园组海相高镁白云岩提供了镁离子来源。研究成果将为运城的生态保护与合理开发提供基础地质依据。Abstract:
Objective Yuncheng Salt Lake, located within the core area of the Fenwei Graben System in the south-central part of the North China Craton, is the earliest known salt lake in China and worldwide. The formation and evolution of the Yuncheng Salt Lake are closely related to the Cenozoic tectonic domains of the coastal Pacific in eastern China and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in western China. However, there are many debates regarding the spatiotemporal processes and key timing associated with these two domains in the Yuncheng Salt Lake. Additionally, the salt lake is rich in sodium, magnesium, chloride, and sulfate ions; however the sources of these saline ions remain unclear. Methods This study investigated the major changes in the Cenozoic tectonic geomorphology of the Yuncheng Basin and its surrounding areas, focusing on the evolution of the Cenozoic river-lake system to establish the formation and evolution stages of the Yuncheng Salt Lake. This study combined the tectonic background and geochemical element analysis of typical strata in the adjacent Zhongtiao Mountains to identify the main sources of saline ions in the Yuncheng Salt Lake. Results At the boundary between the Paleogene and Neogene, there was a widespread angular unconformity across the central and eastern parts of the North China Craton. This unconformity affected the Weihe Basin in the Fenwei Graben System to the west, and not the northeastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which connects to the western North China Craton. This indicates that the tectonic forces during this period originated mainly from the coastal Pacific tectonic domain of the eastern North China Craton. In the mid-Miocene, a widespread unconformity along the northeastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau connect to the western North China Craton. The northeastward uplift and expansion of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau affected caused the Ordos Basin to rotate counterclockwise, initiating the formation of the Shanxi Graben System within the Fenwei Graben System. The Cenozoic evolution of the Yuncheng Salt Lake is the result of the interaction between the two major tectonic domains of eastern and western China. Before the mid-Miocene, the coastal Pacific tectonic domain predominantly controlled the region. Subsequently, the long-distance effects of northeastward uplift and expansion of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau began to influence the Yuncheng Salt Lake. The Jixian System Longjiayuan Formation in the Zhongtiao Mountain area is composed of marine carbonate deposits that is the primary source of magnesium ions for the salt lake, with an average magnesium oxide content of 20.92%. The Paleogene Pinglu Group, an arid lake basin deposit rich in gypsum layers, provids sodium, chloride, and sulfate ions to the salt lake, with an average sodium oxide content of up to 2.6%. Conclusion This study suggested that approximatedly 700000 years ago, during the transition between the early and middle Pleistocene, the Yellow River flowed eastward into the sea through the Sanmenxia Gorge, leading to the disappearance of the Sanmen paleolake and the initial formation of the Yuncheng Salt Lake. Approximately 70000 years ago, during the mid-late Pleistocene, the Fen River changed its course and left the Yuncheng Basin, transforming the salt lake from an open to a closed system, ultimately forming the Yuncheng Salt Lake. Subsequently, under the continuous influence of the fault at the northern edge of the Zhongtiao Mountains, a large sedimentary depression formed, accumulating a large amount of saline minerals. Natural salt lake is formed over long periods of precipitation and evaporation. Currently, the saline ions of the Yuncheng Salt Lake mainly originate from adjacent sedimentary strata in the Zhongtiao Mountains and deep mineralization layers. The major fault controlling the salt lake provides the upward migration and injection of saline substances from deep mineralization layers into the salt lake. The marine high-magnesium dolomite of the Longjiayuan Formation of the Mesoproterozoic Jixian System in the Zhongtiao Mountains is a major source of magnesium ions for the salt lake. Significance The research findings provide fundamental geological evidence for the implementation of an ecological protection strategy to restore the lake by reducing salt levels in Yuncheng Salt Lake. -
Key words:
- geochemical elements /
- saline ions /
- Sanmen paleolake /
- Fenhe River diversion /
- Yuncheng Salt Lake /
- Cenozoic /
- lake landform
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图 1 运城盐湖区域位置及区域地质图
a—盐湖区域位置图；b—盐湖及邻区区域地质图
Figure 1. Regional location and geological map of the Yuncheng Salt Lake
(a) Regional location map of the Yuncheng Salt Lake ; (b) Geological map of the Yuncheng Salt Lake and adjacent areas
图 2 运城盐湖及邻区地层综合柱状图
Figure 2. Comprehensive histogram of the stratigraphy of the Yuncheng Salt Lake and adjacent areas
图 3 中条山地区蓟县系和古近系典型露头照片（剖面位置见图1）
a—蓟县系、震旦系和寒武系接触关系； b—古近系平陆群深灰色泥质粉砂岩夹薄层泥灰岩
Figure 3. Representative outcrop photos of Jixian and Paleogene in the Zhongtiao Mountain area (see Figure 1 for section locations)
(a) Contact relationship between the Jixian, Sinian and Cambrian System ; (b) Paleogene Pinglu Group dark gray argillaceous siltstone with thin layers of marlstone
图 4 河西走廊−华北主要新生代盆地地层对比图
Figure 4. Stratigraphic correlation map of the main Cenozoic basins in Hexi Corridor and North China
图 5 鄂尔多斯地块周缘古近纪—新近纪区域构造应力场特征
a—古近纪区域构造应力场特征；b—新近纪区域构造应力场特征
Figure 5. Characteristics of regional tectonic stress field around the Ordos Block during the Paleogene-Neogene period
(a) Paleogene period; (b) Neogene period
图 6 青藏高原东北缘和山西地堑系新生代地层年代格架对比图（剖面位置见图5）
Figure 6. Cenozoic stratigraphic age framework correlation map of northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Shanxi Graben System (see Figure 5 for section locations)
图 7 三门古湖与离石黄土接触关系图（剖面位置见图1a）
Figure 7. Contact relationship diagram between the Sanmen paleolake and Lishi loess (see Figure 1 for section locations)
图 8 三门古湖与离石黄土接触关系典型露头素描图（剖面位置见图1）
a—北顺村剖面；b—申东村剖面；c—南顺村剖面
Figure 8. Typical outcrop sketchs of contact relationship between the Sanmen paleolake and Lishi loess (see Figure 1 for section locations)
(a) Beishuncun section; (b) Shendongcun section; (c) Nanshuncun section
图 9 运城盐湖及邻区晚更新世—全新世地层厚度及地质剖面图
a—运城盐湖及邻区晚更新世地层厚度等值线图；b—运城盐湖及邻区全新世地层厚度等值线图；c—运城盐湖及邻区晚更新世地质剖面图
Figure 9. Late Pleistocene-Holocene stratigraphic thickness and geological profile of the Yuncheng Salt Lake and adjacent areas
(a) Contour map of late Pleistocene stratigraphic thickness of the Yuncheng Salt Lake and adjacent areas; (b) Contour map of Holocene stratigraphic thickness of the Yuncheng Salt Lake and adjacent areas; (c) Late Pleistocene geologic profile of the Yuncheng Salt Lake and adjacent areas
图 10 运城盐湖形成与演化阶段
a—6000~1000万年；b—1000~500万年；c—500~70万年；d—70~7万年；e—7~1万年；f—1万年以来
Figure 10. Formation and evolution stages of the Yuncheng Salt Lake
(a) 60~10 Ma; (b) 10~5 Ma; (c) 5~0.7 Ma; (d) 0.7~0.07 Ma; (e) 0.07~0.01 Ma; (f) after 0.01 Ma
图 11 运城盐湖盐离子运聚模式图
a—运城盐湖晚更新世—全新世地层综合柱状图；b—运城盐湖盐离子运聚模式图
Figure 11. Salt ion migration and accumulation pattern diagram in the Yuncheng Salt Lake
(a) Late Pleistocene-Holocene stratigraphic composite column diagram of the Yuncheng Salt Lake; (b) Salt ion migration and accumulation pattern diagram of the Yuncheng Salt Lake
表 1 中条山郭家窑剖面蓟县系白云岩地球化学元素分析表（%）
Table 1. Geochemical elements analysis of dolomite from the Jixian System in Guojiayao section in the Zhongtiao Mountains (%)
样品编号 岩性 SiO2 Al2O3 TiO2 Fe2O3 FeO CaO MgO K2O Na2O MnO P2O5 H2O+ H2O− SH-1 白云岩 0.08 0.22 0.00 0.03 0.09 30.94 22.38 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.20 SH-2 白云岩 4.60 0.10 0.00 0.03 0.08 29.91 21.40 0.01 0.07 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.20 SH-3 白云岩 0.54 0.10 0.00 0.03 0.08 31.30 22.37 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.20 SH-4 白云岩 0.04 0.13 0.00 0.01 0.07 31.34 22.37 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.30 SH-5 白云岩 6.98 0.11 0.00 0.06 0.08 29.34 20.18 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.21 SH-6 白云岩 3.35 0.15 0.00 0.05 0.38 29.82 20.75 0.01 0.04 0.06 0.00 0.02 0.22 SH-7 白云岩 17.28 0.12 0.00 0.08 0.07 26.97 16.88 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.00 0.03 0.20 SH-8 白云岩 4.00 0.08 0.00 0.05 0.07 31.15 20.39 0.00 0.04 0.01 0.00 0.05 0.19 SH-9 白云岩 3.76 0.10 0.00 0.02 0.08 30.12 21.58 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.15 
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表 2 中条山米汤沟剖面古近系碎屑岩地球化学元素分析表（%）
Table 2. Geochemical elements analysis of Paleogene clastic rocks in Mitanggou section in the Zhongtiao Mountains (%)
样品编号 岩性 SiO2 Al2O3 TiO2 Fe2O3 FeO CaO MgO K2O Na2O MnO P2O5 H2O+ H2O− MTG-1 粉砂岩 52.04 18.61 0.69 5.43 0.50 3.14 3.61 3.30 3.49 0.06 0.14 5.96 4.04 MTG-2 粉砂岩 47.62 18.89 0.68 5.46 0.74 4.07 4.98 3.63 2.94 0.14 0.18 6.56 4.59 MTG-3 粉砂岩 48.90 16.70 0.64 5.29 0.58 6.09 4.37 3.36 2.49 0.11 0.14 6.73 4.98 MTG-4 粉砂岩 46.23 15.29 0.63 5.21 0.64 8.96 4.19 3.16 2.40 0.10 0.15 6.71 5.17 MTG-5 粉砂岩 50.01 17.41 0.65 5.08 0.72 5.81 4.03 3.51 2.68 0.06 0.17 5.78 5.06 MTG-6 粉砂岩 55.69 18.65 0.75 4.48 0.31 2.21 3.33 3.73 2.39 0.02 0.04 6.48 7.55 MTG-7 粉砂岩 51.61 18.06 0.69 5.89 0.62 2.87 4.36 3.43 2.38 0.07 0.13 6.93 6.83 MTG-8 泥灰岩 33.46 11.84 0.47 3.59 0.20 26.31 2.21 2.53 2.33 0.03 0.06 7.30 12.64 MTG-9 粉砂岩 49.82 16.99 0.67 4.82 0.36 5.28 3.13 3.52 2.42 0.04 0.07 7.66 7.82 MTG-10 泥灰岩 14.12 5.71 0.20 1.97 0.56 23.24 15.16 0.98 2.64 0.26 0.14 3.23 2.01
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