InSAR deformation observation and regional severe earthquake hazard analysis of the 2016 and 2022 strong earthquake activities in Menyuan, Qinghai
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摘要: 30多年来青海省门源县先后经历了3次强震，显现出活跃的地震活动。3次地震的震源机制存在显著差异，且震中均位于冷龙岭断层附近。为定量分析门源地震序列的活动特征，利用InSAR技术测量2016年和2022年门源地震引发的地表形变，详细分析了同震形变场的空间特征及发震断层，并据此建立了断层模型，通过最速下降法（SDM）获得2次地震的精细滑动分布，最后基于静态库仑应力变化评估了2022年门源MW 6.6地震对该区域及周边断层的应力扰动。研究发现2016年地震同震形变场表现为单一的椭圆隆升中心，运动属性以逆冲为主；而2022年地震形变场空间分布较为复杂，呈Y型分布，破裂走向自西向东有轻微变化，以水平形变为主。2次地震的滑动模式和深浅构造样式也存在明显差异：2016年地震活动性弱，在深部8~12 km存在一个滑动区，最大滑动量仅有0.23 m，断层面倾角低，具有深部滑动特点；而2022年地震为典型的浅源地震，存在3个明显的滑动区域，主破裂发生在冷龙岭段，集中在浅部1~7 km，最大位错量为3.22 m，冷龙岭断层向西延伸段也发生了明显滑动，最大滑动量达到2.59 m，托莱山段破裂深度集中在3~8 km，最大滑动量为2.1 m。结合1986年门源地震活动分析，推断门源地震序列受冷龙岭断层活动支配，冷龙岭断层在北东向扩展以及挤压缩短的活动趋势中，不断适应新的构造和应力调整。2022年门源MW 6.6地震位错影响范围较大，地震危险性需持续关注和深入研究，尤其是静态库仑应力变化超过了危险性阈值的部分。Abstract:
Objective Over the past 30 years, Menyuan Country, Qinghai, has experienced three strong earthquakes, demonstrating active seismic activity. The focal mechanisms of these earthquakes showed remarkable differences and the epicenters were all located near the Lenglongling fault. Methods In order to quantitatively analyze the activity characteristics of the Menyuan seismic sequence using InSAR technology to obtain the coseismic deformation field of the Menyuan earthquake of 2016 and 2022 and establish an appropriate fault model, the fine slip distributions of the two earthquakes were obtained through steepest decent method (SDM). Furthermore, the static Coulomb stress changes on the faults in the region and its surroundings caused by the Menyuan Mw 6.6 earthquake in 2022 were evaluated. Results The coseismic deformation field in 2016 exhibited a single elliptical uplift center, with predominantly thrust motion. In contrast, the spatial distribution of the deformation field in 2022 was more complex, showing a Y-shaped distribution, and there was a slight variation in the rupture direction from west to east, with primarily horizontal deformation. Conclusion The two earthquakes also differed in their slip patterns and shallow and deep structural styles. In 2016, the seismic activity was weak, with a slip zone existing at depths between 8 km and 12 km, where the maximum slip was only 0.23 m. The fault plane had a low inclination angle, which is a characteristic of deep-seated slip. By contrast, the 2022 earthquake was a typical shallow-focus earthquake featuring three distinct slip areas. The primary rupture occurred in the Lenglongling section, concentrated in the shallow part from 1 km to 7 km, with a maximum displacement of 3.22 m. A significant slip also occurred along the western extension of the Lenglongling fault, reaching a maximum slip of 2.59 m. The Tuolaishan section experienced rupturing mainly between 3 km and 8 km, with the maximum slip recorded as 2.1 m. Significance Combined with the analysis of the Menyuan earthquake activity in 1986, it is inferred that the Menyuan earthquake sequence is dominated by the activity of the Lenglongling fault, which is continuously adapting to new structures and stress adjustments in its northeast extension and shows compressive-shortening activity trend. The 2022 Menyuan Mw 6.6 earthquake had a significant impact range, and earthquake hazards need to be continuously monitored and studied further, especially in areas where static Coulomb stress changes exceed the hazard threshold. -
Key words:
- Menyuan earthquake sequence /
- Lenlongling fault /
- InSAR /
- activity characteristics /
- coulomb stress
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图 1 冷龙岭断层带及周边活动构造
箭头表示GPS速度场（数据来自Wang and Shen, 2020）；3个沙滩球分别代表 2022年MW 6.6、2016年MW 5.9和1986年MW 5.9地震；圆点分别是Fan et al.（2022）和Liu et al.（2019）在2022和2016年地震中重新定位的余震TLSF—托莱山断层；LLLF—冷龙岭断层；JQHF—金强河断层；MMSF—毛毛山断层；HYF—海原断层；LHSF—老虎山断层；GLF—古浪断层 ；MYF—门源断层；SN-QLF—肃南−祁连断层；ML-DMY—民乐−大马营断层；HC-STF—皇城−双塔断层；TJS-XSF—天景山−香山断层
Figure 1. Lenglongling fault and surrounding active structures
The arrows represent the GPS velocity field (from Wang and Shen, 2020). Three colored beach balls represent the 2022 MW 6.6, 2016 MW 5.9, and 1986 MW 5.9 earthquakes; dots are the relocated aftershocks of the 2022 and 2016 earthquakes from Fan et al. (2022) and Liu et al. (2019) respectively. TLSF−Tuolaishan fault; LLLF−Lenglongling fault; JQHF−Jinqianghe fault; MMSF−Maomaoshan fault; HYF−Haiyuan fault; LHSF−Laohushan fault; GLF−Gulang fault; MYF−Menyuan fault; SN-QLF−Sunan-Qilian fault; ML-DMYF−Minle-Damayin fault; HC-STF− Huangcheng-Shuangta fault; TJS-XSF−Tianjingshan-Xiangshan fault
图 2 2016年MW 5.9和2022年MW 6.6同震形变场
黑色线段代表断层a—2016年升轨形变场；b— 2016年降轨形变场；c—2022年升轨形变场；d—2022年降轨形变场
Figure 2. Coseismic deformations of the 2016 MW 5.9 and 2022 MW 6.6 Menyuan earthquakes
(a) Coseismic deformations of ascending orbits in 2016; (b) Coseismic deformations of descending orbits in 2016; (c) Coseismic deformations of ascending orbits in 2022; (d) Coseismic deformations of descending orbits in 2022 Beach balls represent the 2016 MW 5.9 and 2022 MW 6.6 earthquakes, and black lines denote active faults.
图 3 2016年MW 5.9门源地震断层滑动分布图
a—三维滑动分布模型；b—二维滑动分布模型
Figure 3. Slip distribution models of the 2016 MW 5.9 earthquake
(a) Three-dimensional (3D) slip distribution; (b) Two-dimensional (2D) slip distribution
图 4 2022年MW 6.6门源地震断层滑动分布图
a—三维滑动分布模型；b—二维滑动分布模型
Figure 4. Slip distribution models of the 2022 MW 6.6 earthquake
(a) 3D slip distribution; (b) 2D slip distribution
图 5 2016年门源地震反演拟合情况
矩形表示断层面的表面投影a—升轨数据观测值；b—升轨数据模拟值；c—升轨数据残差； d—降轨数据观测值；e—降轨数据模拟值；f—降轨数据残差
Figure 5. Inversion and fitting status of the 2016 Menyuan earthquake
(a) InSAR observation from ascent; (b) InSAR simulationfrom ascent; (c) InSAR residual from ascent; (d) InSAR observation, simulation and residual from descent; (e) InSAR simulation from descent; (f) InSAR residual from descent The rectangle represents the surface projection of the fault plane.
图 6 2022年门源地震反演拟合情况
矩形表示断层面的表面投影a—升轨数据观测值；b—升轨数据模拟值；c—升轨数据残差； d—降轨数据观测值；e—降轨数据模拟值；f—降轨数据残差
Figure 6. Inversion and fitting status of the 2022 Menyuan earthquake
(a) InSAR observation from ascent; (b) InSAR simulationfrom ascent; (c) InSAR residual from ascent; (d) InSAR observation, simulation and residual from descent; (e) InSAR simulation from descent; (f) InSAR residual from descentThe rectangle represents the surface projection of the fault plane.
图 7 冷龙岭断层发震三维构造模型
箭头表示区域最大主压应力方向；沙滩球分别代表2022年MW 6.6地震、2016年MW 5.9地震和1986年MW 5.9地震
Figure 7. Three-dimensional structural model of the Lenglongling fault for seismic activity
The arrow indicates the direction of the maximum principal stress in the region, whereas the three beach balls represent the 2022 MW 6.6, 2016MW 5.9 and 1986 MW 5.9 earthquakes.
图 8 2022年MW 6.6门源地震在不同摩擦系数下引起的静态库仑应力变化
圆点是Fan et al.（2022）在2022年地震中重新定位的余震；黑色线段为断层；矩形为发震断层面的表面投影a—摩擦系数为0.1的区域静态库仑应力变化；b—摩擦系数为0.4的区域静态库仑应力变化；c —摩擦系数为0.1的周围断层库仑应力扰动情况；d —摩擦系数为0.4的周围断层库仑应力扰动情况
Figure 8. The Coulomb stress changes caused by the 2022 Mw 6.6 Menyuan earthquake under different friction coefficients
(a) Regional static Coulomb stress changes under friction coefficient of 0.1; (b) Regional static Coulomb stress changes under friction coefficient of 0.4; (c) Disturbance of Coulomb stress from surrounding faults under friction coefficient of 0.1; (d) Disturbance of Coulomb stress from surrounding faults under friction coefficient of 0.4Dots in pink are the relocated aftershocks of the 2022 earthquake from Fan et al. (2022). The black line represents the fault, whereas the rectangle represents the surface projection of the fault plane.
表 1 Sentinel-1A 数据参数
Table 1. Parameters of Sentinel-1A
地震 成像模式 轨道 飞行方向 主影像日期 辅影像日期 2016-01-21 IW 128 升轨 2016-01-13 2016-02-06 IW 33 降轨 2016-01-18 2016-02-11 2022-01-08 IW 128 升轨 2022-01-05 2022-01-17 IW 33 降轨 2021-12-29 2022-01-10 
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 子断层反演基本参数
Table 2. Basic parameters for sub-faults inversion
时间 断层 起始位置
经度/（°）起始位置
纬度/（°）走向/（°） 倾角/（°） 2022年 F1 101.123 37.793 90.113 82.270 F2 101.130 37.833 108.030 88.050 F3 101.281 37.792 118.890 88.270 2016年 M1 101.556 37.779 125.000 46.000
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