Detection of the Late Quaternary activity of the Liaocheng-Lankao Fault in the south-central part of the North China Plain: Discussion on the seismogenic mechanism of the 1937 Heze M 7.0 earthquake
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摘要: 华北平原是中国人口最多、经济最为发达的地区之一，也是受地震灾害影响最为严重的地区之一。对于该地区断裂活动性和大地震发震机制的研究有利于探索板内地震的发震规律、减轻地震灾害所造成的损失。聊城-兰考断裂是华北平原中南部一条重要的隐伏深大断裂。结合浅层地震勘探、钻孔勘探和第四纪测年方法，对聊城-兰考断裂的活动性进行了精细的研究。坝城寺钻孔揭示聊城-兰考断裂南段错断了全新统底界，为全新世早期活动断裂，揭露出该断裂晚更新世以来造成了4次古地震事件，单次事件的垂直位错为1.2±0.2~3.7±0.2 m。根据钻孔揭示的地层落差计算出该断裂晚更新世早期的平均垂直滑动速率约为0.1±0.05 mm/a，晚更新世晚期—全新世中期的平均滑动速率为0.35±0.04 mm/a。根据1937年菏泽7.0级和6${\raise0.7ex\hbox{$3$} \!\mathord{\left/{\vphantom {3 4}}\right.}\!\lower0.7ex\hbox{$4$}} $级地震的等震线和地表破裂分布特征认为，小留-解元集断裂和东明-成武断裂为该地震的发震断裂；聊城-兰考断裂对于该地区应力的积累、地震的发生具有很好的控制和约束作用，为区域控震构造。
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关键词:
- 华北平原 /
- 聊城-兰考断裂 /
- 浅层地震探测剖面 /
- 钻孔联合剖面 /
- 1937年菏泽7.0级地震
Abstract:Objective The North China Plain (NCP) is one of the most populated and economically developed areas in China and is a region with a high level of seismic hazards. Studying the Quaternary activity of the faults and the seismogenic mechanism of the large earthquakes in NCP is conducive to exploring the seismogenic pattern of intraplate earthquakes and reducing the damage caused by seismic hazards. The Liaocheng-Lankao fault (LLF) is an important buried deep major fault in the south-central part of the NCP. The activity of the LLF and its relationship with the 1937 Heze M 7.0 earthquake is still highly controversial. Methods In this study, the activity of the Liaocheng-Liaokao fault is finely studied by combining shallow seismic exploration, drilling, and Quaternary dating methods. Results Shallow seismic reflection profile ZF-2 reveals that the strata below 145 m are obviously displaced, and the strata above 145 m are disturbed. The Bachengsi drilling profile reveals 16 sets of marker layers and three west-dipping normal faults Fa, Fb, and Fc; they form a "compound Y" structure in the profile, of which Fa displaces the bottom boundary of the Holocene (burial depth of approximately 38.9 m) and is an early Holocene active fault. It also reveals four paleoseismic events since the Late Pleistocene, with vertical displacement of 1.2±0.2 to 3.7±0.2 m for a single event. Based on the stratigraphic offsets in the boreholes, the average vertical slip rate of this fault is calculated to be about 0.1±0.05 mm/a for the early Late Pleistocene and 0.35±0.04 mm/a for the late Late Pleistocene-middle Holocene. The fitted age-depth curves by the test results of seven 14C samples and four OSL samples can be divided into two segments. Within the depth range of 0 to 86.0 m (approximately 21 to 0 ka), the age and depth of the strata conform to the formula y=(253.69±16.56)x+(924.72±681.36), from which the average deposition rate of this section is calculated to be 3.94±0.26 mm/a. Within the depth range of 102.9 to 145.4 m (approximately 128 to 59 ka), the age and depth of the strata conform to the formula y=(1470.67±259.91)x+(-95061.92±30190.73), from which the average deposition rate of this section is calculated to be 0.68±0.12 mm/a. The vertical slip rate of the LLF and the sedimentation rate of the Dongpu Sag have increased significantly since the late Late Pleistocene. The intensity lines of the Heze M 7.0 earthquake show an asymmetric butterfly shape. Conclusion The 1937 Heze M 7.0 and M 6${\raise0.7ex\hbox{$3$} \!\mathord{\left/{\vphantom {3 4}}\right.}\!\lower0.7ex\hbox{$4$}} $ earthquakes formed "Z" -shaped ground fissure zones, which can be divided into three sections: the southeastern section (section A), the middle section (section B), and the northwestern section (section C). The long axis of the intensity lines and the distribution of the surface rupture of the 1937 Heze M 7.0 coincide with the NNE-striking Xiaoliu-Xieyuanjie and NWW-striking Dongming-Chengwu faults in location and striking. The analysis of the intensity lines, surface rupture distribution, focal mechanism solution of the 1937 Heze M 7.0 earthquake and M 6${\raise0.7ex\hbox{$3$} \!\mathord{\left/{\vphantom {3 4}}\right.}\!\lower0.7ex\hbox{$4$}} $ earthquakes, and regional stress implies that the Xiaoliu-Xieyuanji fault and the Dongming-Chengwu fault are the seismogenic faults of the 1937 Heze M 7.0 earthquake. The LLF, as the deep major fault in the region, controlled the accumulation of stress, stimulated the earthquake with its deep movement, and reduced the effect of the seismic energy westward, acting as the regional seismic controlling fault of the 1937 Heze M 7.0 earthquake. Significance This article proposes a method for fine detection of the localization, structure, latest activity age, sliding rate, and paleoseismic sequences of the buried fault and also proposes a pattern of seismicity in which seismogenic faults do not coincide with the regional seismic controlling fault. It provides new insights into the characterization of seismicity within the NCP and can provide the geological basis for urban and rural planning, high-speed railway design, and earthquake prevention and disaster reduction project construction in this region. -
图 1 区域地震构造图
a—华北块体及其邻区地震构造图(地震及断层数据邓起东，2007；黑色箭头为GPS观测的地块运动速率，相对于稳定的西欧和西伯利亚地盾的运动，张培震等，2003)；b—华北平原中南部地震构造图(地震及断层数据邓起东, 2007, 第四系等深线向宏发等，2000)；c—钻孔及物探资料分布位置(深地震反射剖面徐翰，2018)
Figure 1. Regional seismotectonic map
(a) Seismotectonic map of the North China block and its adjacent areas (Fault and seismic data are from Deng, 2007, black arrows are GPS-derived rates of block motion, movements relative to the stable Western European and Siberian shields are modified from Zhang et al., 2003); (b) Seismic map of the south-central part of the North China Plain (Seismic and fault data are modified from Deng et al., 2007, and Quaternary isobaths from Xiang et al., 2000); (c) Distribution of drilling profiles and shallow seismic detection lines (Deep seismic reflection profile from Xu, 2018)
图 2 坝城寺浅层地震反射剖面解译结果与钻孔布设
T1—T6—有效波组；ZK1—ZK4—钻孔；红色线为解译断层F，绿色虚线为扰动同相轴连线L，断层F上断点地表投影位于里程984 m处，L顶端点在地表的投影位于里程1060 m处
a—坝城寺浅层地震反射剖面；b—坝城寺钻孔(ZK1—ZK5)平面分布图Figure 2. Interpretation results of shallow seismic reflection profile and borehole layout at Bachengsi
(a) Interpreted results of shallow seismic reflection profile at Bachengsi; (b) Plan distribution of boreholes at Bachengsi (ZK1-ZK5)
T1-T6 represent effective wave groups; ZK1-ZK4 represent boreholes; The red line represents interpreted Fault F, and the green dashed line represents the disturbed line L. The surface projection of the upper breakpoint on Fault F is located at 984 m. The projection of the top point of L on the surface is located at 1060 m.
图 3 坝城寺钻孔样品地层年龄-深度关系
Figure 3. Diagram showing the relationship between the age and depth of strata samples from the Bachengsi borehole
图 4 坝城寺钻孔联合剖面图
B1—B16为标志层；岩芯柱左侧数字为地层埋深，红色数字为断层的垂直落差
Figure 4. Combined cross-section of boreholes in Bachengsi
B1-B16 represent marker layers, with the depth of the strata indicated on the left side of the core column, and the vertical displacement of the fault is indicated by the red numbers.
图 5 钻孔ZK4中B1—B8标志层的岩芯特征
a—标志层B1；b—标志层B2；c—标志层B3；d—标志层B4；e—标志层B5；f—标志层B6；g—标志层B7；h—标志层B8
Figure 5. Photographs of marker layers B1 to B8 in ZK4
(a) Photograph of marker layer B1; (b)Photograph of marker layer B2; (c)Photograph of marker layer B3; (d)Photograph of marker layer B4; (e)Photograph of marker layer B5; (f)Photograph of marker layer B6; (g)Photograph of marker layer B7; (h)Photograph of marker layer B8
图 6 钻孔ZK4中标志层B9、B10、B13、B15和B16的岩芯特征
a—标志层B9；b—标志层B10；c—标志层B13；d—标志层B15；e—标志层B16
Figure 6. Photographs of marker layer B9, B10, B13, B15 and B16 in BCS-ZK4
(a)Photograph of marker layer B9; (b)Photograph of marker layer B10; (c)Photograph of marker layer B13; (d)Photograph of marker layer B15; (e)Photograph of marker layer B16
图 7 聊城-兰考断裂在坝城寺钻孔中出露特征
a—钻孔ZK5 75.7 m深度处断层Fb出露; b—钻孔ZK3 109.4 m深度处断层Fb出露; c—钻孔ZK4 145.5 m深度处断层Fb出露; d—钻孔ZK5 108.8 m深度处断层Fc出露; e—钻孔ZK3 137.8 m深度处断层Fc出露
Figure 7. The outcrops of the Liaocheng-Lankao fault revealed by the Bachengsi boreholes
(a) ZK5 reveals fault Fb at 75.7 m; (b) ZK3 reveals fault Fb at 109.4 m; (c) ZK4 reveals fault Fb at 145.5 m; (d) ZK5 reveals fault Fc at 108.8 m; (e) ZK3 reveals fault Fc at 137.8 m
图 8 1937年菏泽7.0级和6${\raise0.7ex\hbox{$3$} \!\mathord{\left/{\vphantom {3 4}}\right.}\!\lower0.7ex\hbox{$4$}} $级地震等震线和地裂缝分布图(烈度线胡长和，1991；地裂缝分布赵宪超，1991)
图中70°~80°为地应力的方位角
Figure 8. Map showing intensity lines and ground fissure distribution of the 1937 Heze M 7.0 and M 6${\raise0.7ex\hbox{$3$} \!\mathord{\left/{\vphantom {3 4}}\right.}\!\lower0.7ex\hbox{$4$}} $ earthquakes (intensity lines from Hu, 1991; ground fissure distribution from Zhao, 1991)
The direction of the ground stress is indicated by 70°-80° in the figure.
表 1 14C样品测年结果
Table 1. Test results of 14C samples
取样钻孔 埋深/m 年龄/a ZK2 6.0 2750±30 ZK4 16.8 4110±30 ZK4 38.4 12270±40 ZK4 52.0 14500±40 ZK4 69.6 18800±60 ZK5 77.4 19980±70 ZK4 86.0 21150±70 
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表 2 光释光(OSL)样品测试结果
Table 2. Test results of OSL samples
取样钻孔 埋深/m U/(μg/g) Th/(μg/g) K/% 环境剂量率(Gy/ka) 等效剂量(Gy) 年龄/ka ZK5 102.9 0.771±0.03 3.68±0.04 2.26±0.02 2.32±0.09 137.11±5.51 59.22±3.37 ZK4 115.4 2.650±0.11 13.10±0.03 1.92±0.02 2.96±0.11 207.12±9.19 69.97±4.08 ZK4 131.8 1.570±0.01 10.30±0.21 2.22±0.01 2.81±0.11 258.33±13.31 92.09±5.91 ZK4 145.4 2.530±0.01 12.00±0.20 1.75±0.02 2.55±0.09 328.40±12.97 128.73±6.84
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表 3 标志层错断位移
Table 3. The displacement information of the mark layers
标志层 岩芯特征 埋深/m Fa位移/m Fb位移/m Fc位移/m 总位移/m B1 灰黑色炭质黏土层 7.2 / / / / B2 砖红色—橘黄色粉细砂层 20.5 / / / / B3 青灰—灰黄色巨厚细砂层的底界面 38.9 1.25±0.20 / / 1.25±0.20 B4 灰黑色炭质黏土层 54.65 1.05±0.20 / / 1.05±0.10 B5 紫红色黏土层 58.35 1.2±0.1 / / 1.2±0.1 B6 灰黑—深灰色炭质黏土层 65.55 1.65±0.10 1.2±0.1 / 2.8±0.2 B8 蓝灰—黄灰色黏土层 73.5 1.5±0.2 / / / B9 灰绿色黏土层 81.5 2.25±0.20 1.2±0.2 / 3.95±0.20 B10 紫红色色黏土层 90.5 2.25±0.20 1.35±0.20 / 4.25±0.20 B13 紫红色含蓝灰色网纹黏土层 105.9 2.0±0.2 1.2±0.2 2.1±0.2 6.2±0.3 B14 灰绿色黏土层 124.5 / / 1.95±0.20 / B15 灰黄色细砂层 132.7 3.7±0.2 3.7±0.2 2.9±0.2 6.6±0.3 B16 紫红色黏土层 141.2 3.4±0.3 3.4±0.3 6.6±0.2 10.0±0.4
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