中国岩浆铜镍钴硫化物矿床成矿理论创新和找矿突破

李文渊

doi:10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.20222810

中国岩浆铜镍钴硫化物矿床成矿理论创新和找矿突破

doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.20222810

李文渊^{1, 2, 3,}

1.
中国地质调查局西安地质调查中心，陕西西安 710054
2.
自然资源部岩浆作用成矿与找矿重点实验室，陕西西安 710054
3.
中国−上海合作组织地学合作研究中心，陕西西安 710054

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划课题（2019YFC0605201）

详细信息

作者简介:
李文渊（1962—），男，博士，研究员，博士生导师，主要从事岩浆硫化物矿床和区域成矿学研究工作。E-mail：xalwenyuan@126.com

中图分类号: P618.2
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-04-29
- 修回日期: 2022-07-10
- 录用日期: 2022-04-29
- 预出版日期: 2022-11-02

Study of ore-forming theoretical innovation and prospecting breakthrough of magmatic copper–nickel–cobalt sulfide deposits in China

LI Wenyuan^{1, 2, 3
,}

1.
Xi’an Center of Geological Survey, China Geological Survey, Xi’an 710054, Shaanxi, China
2.
Key Laboratory for the Study of Focused Magmatism and Giant Ore Deposits, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xi’an 710054, Shaanxi, China
3.
China-SCO Geosciences Research Center, Xi’an 710054, Shaanxi, China

Funds: The research is financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant 2019YFC0605201)

More Information

Author Bio:
李文渊，中国地质调查局西安地质调查中心二级研究员、中国地质科学院博士生导师。2021年获得第17次李四光地质科学奖野外奖。现任自然资源部岩浆作用成矿与找矿重点实验室主任、中国–上海合作组织地学合作研究中心首席科学家。长期从事岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床和区域成矿学研究。出版专著15部（第一作者或独著9部），发表论文139篇（第一作者或独著48篇）。荣获国家科技进步奖二等奖1项（R6），新疆自治区人社厅、新疆自治区国土厅优秀成果特等奖1项（R1），部省一等奖4项（R4、R5、R7、R8）、二、三等奖各1项（R2、R1）。享受国务院政府特殊津贴，入选国家百千万人才工程、自然资源部国土资源科技领军人才计划，自然资源部岩浆作用成矿与找矿科技创新团队带头人，陕西省有突出贡献专家

摘要

摘要: 中国岩浆铜镍钴硫化物矿床是国家镍、钴、铂族元素等战略性关键金属资源的主要来源，是需要特别关注的具有未来价值的重要矿床类型。该类矿床来源于上地幔，特别是软流圈的部分熔融形成的镁铁质、超镁铁质岩浆，硫化物液相−硅酸盐熔体的不混溶（熔离）作用是成矿的主要机制。它们主要形成于两种背景：大陆裂谷和造山带中的伸展环境。中国是岩浆铜镍钴硫化物矿床的产出大国，但与国外相比，形成背景和成矿动力学机制比较独特。世界上绝大多数岩浆铜镍钴硫化物矿床都形成于古老的克拉通，是地幔柱地球动力作用的结果，太古代—早元古代的科马提岩镍钴硫化物矿床是鲜明的产出特点。中国缺少古老的科马提岩有关的镍钴硫化物矿床，成矿时代相对较晚，主要形成于新元古代、晚古生代早期和晚期三个时期，新元古代以镍金属资源量居世界第三的金川超大型矿床为代表，晚古生代早期以近年来找矿突破发现的夏日哈木超大型矿床为代表。夏日哈木矿床也是迄今世界上特提斯造山带中发现的唯一一例超大型岩浆铜镍钴硫化物矿床。中国学者基于中国找矿实际提出的“大岩浆−深部熔离−贯入”表现为“小岩体成大矿”的成矿理论，广泛为野外地质勘查工作者接受并应用，取得了重要的找矿突破性成果，同时为国外同行认可，改变了岩浆铜镍钴硫化物矿床传统的成矿认识。造山带中岩浆铜镍钴硫化物矿床的广泛分布是中国该类矿床的一个重要特色，按形成造山带演化和成矿历史的不同，可分为特提斯型和中亚型两种重要的类型。特提斯型以夏日哈木矿床为代表，它是特提斯构造转换，原特提斯造山后，古特提斯裂解的产物；中亚型以中亚造山带中东天山−北山、阿尔泰分布的大批晚古生代晚期早二叠世岩浆铜镍钴硫化物矿床为代表，是板块构造和地幔柱双重地球动力学机制作用的结果。中国岩浆铜镍钴硫化物矿床找矿潜力巨大，金川矿床作为水平的“岩床”被推覆至地表呈倾斜的“岩墙”产出的结果，深边部仍具有重要找矿潜力，目前已在含矿岩体两端发现了重要的新矿体；夏日哈木矿床所在的东昆仑及其邻区已发现十余处新的矿床（点）。区域上，塔里木陆块东南缘、塔里木陆块北缘、扬子陆块西缘和华北陆块东北缘是亟待加强勘查的找矿远景区，而扬子陆块北缘、华北陆块北缘是急需调查的找矿新区。
- 岩浆铜镍钴硫化物矿床 /
- 深部熔离作用 /
- 小岩体成大矿 /
- 成矿类型 /
- 找矿潜力
Abstract: Chinese magmatic copper–nickel–cobalt sulfide deposit is the main source of strategic key metal resources, such as nickel, cobalt and platinum group elements in China, and it is an important deposit type with a future value that needs special attention. This type of deposit comes from the mafic and ultramafic magma formed by the upper mantle, especially the asthenosphere, and the immiscible (liquation) action between sulfide liquid–silicate melt is the main mineralization mechanism. They are mainly formed in two geological settings: the continental rift and the extended environment in the orogenic zone. China is a major producer of magmatic copper–nickel–cobalt sulfide deposits, but compared with the world it is relatively unique. Most magmatic copper–nickel–cobalt sulfide deposits in the world are formed in the ancient craton, and are the result of the mantle plume geodynamics. Archeozoic–early Proterozoic komatiite nickel–cobalt sulfide deposits is a distinct metallogenic characteristics. Ancient komatiite-related nickel–cobalt sulfide deposits have been rarely discovered in China, and their mineralization age is relatively late, mainly in the Neoproterozoic, Early and Late Paleozoic. The Neoproterozoic is represented by the Jinchuan super-large deposit with nickel metal reserves ranked the third in the world, and the Early Paleozoic by the Xiarihamu super-large deposit discovered in the prospecting breakthrough of recent years. The Xiarihamu deposit is also the only super-large magmatic copper–nickel–cobalt sulfide deposit found in the Tethys orogenic belt in the world. Mineralization theory of “big magma–deep immiscibility–injection” and “forming big ore deposits in small intrusive rocks” proposed by Chinese scholars based on China’s prospecting practice has been widely accepted and applied by field geological exploration workers, and has made important prospecting breakthrough discoveries. At the same time, it has been recognized by foreign peers, which changed the traditional metallogenic understanding of magma copper–nickel–cobalt sulfide deposits. The extensive distribution of magmatic copper–nickel–cobalt sulfide deposits in orogenic belts is an important feature of such deposits in China. According to the different evolution of orogenic zones and metallogenic history, it can be divided into two important types: Tethys type and Central Asian type. The Tethys type is represented by the Xiarihamu ore deposit, and it is the product of the Tethys structural transformation, which the Paleo-Tethys cracking after the Proto-Tethys orogeny; the Central Asian type is represented by a large number of the early Permian of the Late Palaeozoic magmatic copper–nickel–cobalt sulfide deposits distributed in the Eastern Tianshan–Beishan and Altai zones of the Central Asian Orogenic belt, which is the result of the dual geodynamics mechanism of plate tectonics and mantle plume. China's magmatic copper–nickel–cobalt sulfide deposit has huge prospecting potential, and the Jinchuan deposit as a result of nappe structure from deep horizontal “sill” thrusted to the surface of the inclined “dyke”, it still has significant prospecting potential in its deep and marginal locations, in which important new ore bodies have been found at both ends of the ore-bearing rock body; more than 10 new ore deposits (points) have been found in East Kunlun and its adjacent areas, where the Xiarihamu deposit is located. In the region, the southeastern margin of Tarim Landmass, the northern margin of Tarim Landmass, the western margin of Yangtze Landmass and the northeast margin of North China Landmass are the exploration prospect areas to strengthen prospecting, while the northern margins of Yangzi Landmass and North China land block are the new prospecting areas for urgent investigation.
- magmatic copper–nickel–cobalt sulfide deposit /
- deep immiscibility /
- forming large ore deposits in small intrusive rocks /
- mineralization types /
- mineral prospecting potential

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图 1 中国岩浆铜镍钴硫化物矿床地质分布图（据李文渊，1996修改；中国地图轮廓据自然资源部GS(2016)1552号）

Figure 1. Geological distribution of magmatic copper–nickel–cobalt sulfide deposits in China（modified from Li，1996; Map of China outline according to the Ministry of Natural Resources, PRC, GS (2016) 1552）

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图 2 金川超大型岩浆铜镍钴硫化物矿床深部熔离–贯入成矿及就位模式图（据李文渊，1996，2007修改）

Figure 2. Deep immiscibility–injection mineralization and displacement mode diagram of the Jinchuan super-large magma copper-nickel-cobalt sulfide deposit（modified from Li, 1996, 2007）

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图 3 金川含矿超镁铁岩Nb/Yb–Th/Yb图解（据Tang et al.，2013修改）

Figure 3. Nb/Yb–Th/Yb diagram of the Jinchuan ore-bearing ultramafic intrusions （modified from Tang et al., 2013）

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图 4 金川含矿超镁铁岩体立体形态及主要横断面示意图（据李文渊，1996修改）

Figure 4. Schematic diagram of the stereoscopic morphology and main cross sections of the Jinchuan ore-bearing ultramafic rock body（modified from Li, 1996）

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图 5 金川矿床东、西部岩浆房成矿模式图解（据李文渊，1996，2007修改）

Figure 5. Mineralization pattern diagram of the east section and west section of the magma chambers of the Jinchuan deposit（modified from Li, 1996, 2007）

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图 6 夏日哈木含矿镁铁–超镁铁岩Sr-Nd同位素对比图解（据Zhang et al.，2021修改）

Figure 6. Comparison of the Sr–Nd isotope of the Xiarihamu ore-bearing mafic-ultramafic intrusions（modified from Zhang et al., 2021）

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图 7 东昆仑古特提斯裂谷构造–岩浆–成矿事件示意图（据李文渊等，2021修改）

Figure 7. Schematic diagram of the rift formation–magma–metallogenic event of Paleo-Tethys in East Kunlun （modified from Li et al.，2021）

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图 8 东天山–北山含矿镁铁–超镁铁质侵入岩分布图（Xiao et al.，2004；Su et al.，2011）

Figure 8. Distribution of ore-bearing mafic-ultramafic intrusions in the Eastern Tianshan–Beishan region（Xiao et al.，2004；Su et al.，2011）

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图 9 东天山–北山含铜镍钴镁铁–超镁铁岩Nb/Yb–Th/Yb和Nb/Yb–TiO₂/Yb图解（底图据Pearce，2008；数据来自尤敏鑫，2022修改）

a—Nb/Yb–Th/Yb图解；b—Nb/Yb–TiO₂/Yb图解

Figure 9. Nb/Yb–Th/Yb diagram and Nb/Yb–TiO₂/Yb diagram of ore-bearing mafic-ultramafic intrusions in the Eastern Tianshan–Beishan region（Base map after Pearce，2008; data modified from You，2022）

(a) Nb/Yb–Th/Yb diagram; (b) Nb/Yb–TiO₂/Yb diagram

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图 10 东天山–北山含铜镍钴镁铁–超镁铁岩Sr-Nd同位素对比图解（据Zhou et al.，2008；尤敏鑫，2022修改）

Figure 10. Comparison of the Sr–Nd isotope of the ore-bearing mafic-ultramafic intrusions from the Eastern Tianshan–Beishan region (modified from Zhou et al., 2008; You, 2022)

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图 11 金川和夏日哈木矿床PGE配分曲线（据韩一筱，2021修改）

Figure 11. Partitioning of PGE between Jinchuan and Xiarihamu magmatic Ni–Cu–Co sulfide deposits（modified from Han，2021）

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图 12 金川岩体磁异常及深边部隐伏岩矿体地质解释图（据李文渊，1996修改）

Figure 12. Diagram of magnetic anomalies and geological interpretation of hidden rock ore bodies in the deep side of the Jinchuan ore-bearing intrusive rock（modified from Li, 1996）

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图 13 东昆仑及其邻区古特提斯构造带岩浆铜镍钴硫化物矿床找矿靶区分布图

Figure 13. Distribution of prospecting targets for magmatic nickel–copper–cobalt sulfide deposits in the Paleotethys tectonic belt of East Kunlun and its adjacent areas

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图 14 中国岩浆铜镍钴硫化物矿床找矿远景区示意图（中国地图轮廓据自然资源部GS(2016)1552号）

Figure 14. Sketch map of prospecting potential area of magmatic copper–nickel–cobalt sulfide deposits in China（Map of China outline according to the Ministry of Natural Resources, PRC, GS (2016) 1552）

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表 1 中国岩浆铜镍钴硫化物矿床成矿特征及类型一览表

Table 1. Schedule of mineralization characteristics and types of magmatic Ni–Cu–Co sulfide deposits in China

成矿背景		典型矿床	主要岩石类型	成矿元素	矿床规模	测年方法和成矿时代	文献来源
大陆裂谷环境	大陆边缘裂谷	金川	二辉橄榄岩、纯橄榄岩	Ni、Cu、Co、PGE	超大型	SHRIMP锆石U–Pb，827 ± 8 Ma	Li et al., 2005b
		兴地	辉长岩、二辉岩、二辉橄榄岩	Ni、Cu	小型	锆石U–Pb，760 ± 6 Ma	Zhang et al., 2011
		大坡岭	变辉橄岩、变辉石岩、辉长辉绿岩	Ni、Cu、Co、PGE	小型	SHRIMP锆石U–Pb，828 ± 7 Ma	葛文春等，2001
		周庵	二辉橄榄岩、橄榄辉石岩	Ni、Cu、PGE	大型	锆石U–Pb，641.5 ± 3.7 Ma	闫海卿等，2010
		桃科	变橄榄辉长苏长岩、变辉长苏长岩	Ni、Cu、PGE	小型	锆石U–Pb，2715 ± 16 Ma	孙涛等，2016
		铜硐子	蚀变辉长-辉绿岩	Ni、Cu	小型	元古代？
		赤柏松	辉长辉绿岩、二辉橄榄岩	Ni、Cu、Co、PGE	小型	SHRIMP锆石U–Pb，134 ± 7 Ma	裴福萍等，2005
	大火成岩省	力马河	单辉橄榄岩、辉长-闪长岩	Ni、Cu	小型	SHRIMP锆石U–Pb，263 ±3 Ma	Zhou et al., 2008
		白马寨	橄榄岩、橄辉岩、辉石岩、辉长岩	Ni、Cu、Co、PGE	小型	SHRIMP锆石U–Pb，258.5 ± 3.5 Ma	Wang，2006
		金宝山	蚀变单辉橄榄岩、辉长辉绿岩	PGE、Ni、Cu、Co	大型	SHRIMP锆石U–Pb，260.6 ± 3.5 Ma	Tao et al., 2015
		杨柳坪	二辉橄榄岩、辉石岩、辉长岩	PGE、Ni、Cu	大型	晚二叠纪？
造山带伸展环境	特提斯造山带	夏日哈木	二辉岩、辉长岩、橄榄岩	Ni、Cu、Co	超大型	锆石U–Pb，411.6 ± 2.4 Ma	Li et al., 2015
		拉水峡	蚀变橄榄岩	Ni、Cu、Co、PGE	小型	？
		煎茶岭	蛇纹岩、滑镁岩、菱镁岩	Ni、Co	大型	硫化物Re–Os等时线，878 ± 27 Ma	王瑞廷等，2003
	中亚造山带	黄山东	角闪橄榄辉长岩、辉长橄榄岩	Ni、Cu、Co、PGE	大型	SHRIMP锆石U–Pb，274 ± 3 Ma	韩宝福等，2004
		图拉尔根	角闪橄榄岩、辉石岩、辉长岩	Ni、Cu、Co、PGE	大型	SHRIMP锆石U–Pb，300.5 ± 3.2 Ma	三金柱等，2010
		坡一	角闪辉长岩、橄榄辉石岩	Ni、Cu	大型	TIMS锆石U–Pb，274 ± 4 Ma	秦克章等，2007
		菁布拉克	闪长岩、橄榄辉长岩、橄榄岩	Ni、Cu	小型	SHRIMP锆石U–Pb，434.4 ± 6.2 Ma	张作衡等，2007
		黑山	斜长角闪橄榄岩、辉长岩	Ni、Cu	大型	SHRIMP锆石U–Pb，356.4 ± 0.6 Ma	Xie et al., 2012
		小南山	蚀变辉长岩	Ni、Cu、Co、PGE	小型	锆石U–Pb，272.7 ± 2.9 Ma	党智财，2015
		喀拉通克型	方辉橄榄岩、辉长苏长岩	Ni、Cu、PGE	大型	SHRIMP锆石U–Pb，287 ± 5 Ma	韩宝福等，2004
		红旗岭型	斜方辉石岩、橄榄岩、辉长岩	Ni、Cu、Co	大型	SHRIMP锆石U–Pb，239.6 ± 2.6 Ma	郝立波等，2013
		五星	辉长岩、辉石岩、橄榄辉石岩	Ni、Cu、Co、PGE	小型	SHRIMP锆石U–Pb，37.79 ± 0.76 Ma	李光辉等，2010

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表 2 玄武质岩浆R和N因子估算与Co的丰度值

Table 2. The Co concentration and calculated R and N factors for basaltic magmas

X_i^sil	D_i^sil	R/N	Y_i^sul（Co，×10⁻⁶）
44	68	1	87/87
44	68	10	422/447
44	68	50	1293/1579
44	68	100	1799/2315
44	68	1000	2804/2992
44	68	10000	2972/2992
（Williams-Jones and Vasyukova，2022）

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表 3 地球不同圈层中的PGE丰度（10⁻⁹）

Table 3. The PGE concentration in different layers of the earth（10⁻⁹）

位置	Pt	Pd	Os	Ir	Ru	Rh	∑PGE
地核	13	5.5	8	2.6	16	3	48.1
下地幔	0.2	0.12	0.05	0.05	0.1	0.02	0.54
上地幔	0.2	0.09	0.05	0.05	0.1	0.02	0.51
地壳	0.045	0.01	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.059
（据黎彤，1976；Mcdonough and Sun，1995修改）

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