The methods of fracture prediction based on structural strain analysis and its application
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摘要: 地层应变是构造裂缝产生的直接因素，根据构造应变大小可以预测构造裂缝发育的位置和强度，对研究区的主要裂缝发育区进行划分。文章以松辽盆地徐家围子断陷徐中地区营城组四段（简称营四段）为研究对象，在建立研究区精细的三维构造模型基础上，利用“构造恢复”方法实现研究区古构造恢复，通过开展有限应变值计算来预测构造裂缝的平面分布。研究表明：研究区营四段主要包括3个造缝期，即营城组末期、泉头组—青山口组时期、嫩江组时期，其中，营城组末期与泉头组—青山口组时期的构造变形较为强烈，是裂缝的主要形成时期。根据应变大小与试气产量的关系，将研究区划分为3类裂缝发育区，Ⅰ类裂缝发育区已钻井验证，表明利用构造应变对裂缝的预测结果可靠，Ⅱ类裂缝发育区可作为深层天然气的下一步挖潜的重要方向，Ⅲ类裂缝发育区产能较低，裂缝对储层的改造作用有限。Abstract: Formation strain can directly affect the generation of structural fractures. According to the magnitude of structural strain, the location and intensity of structural fracture development can be predicted, and the chief fracture development areas in the study area can be divided. This paper takes the fourth member of the Yingcheng formation (referred to as the YING-4 section) in the Xuzhong area of the Xujiaweizi rift in the Songliao basin as the research object. Based on establishing a detailed 3D structural model of the study area, we used the “structural restoration” method to restore the paleo-structure of the study area and calculated finite strain values to predict the planar distribution of structural fractures. The research shows that the YING-4 section in the study area mainly includes three fracture-making periods, namely the end of the Yingcheng formation, the Quantou–to–Qingshankou formation, and the Nenjiang formation. Among them, the tectonic deformation at the end of the Yingcheng formation and the Quantou–to–Qingshankou formation is relatively strong, which is the main formation period of the fracture. The study area is divided into three types of fracture development zones according to the relationship between strain size and test gas production. Type I fracture development zone has been verified by well-drilling, indicating that the prediction results of fractures using structural strain are reliable. Type Ⅱ fracture development zone can be used as an important direction for the next step of deep natural gas exploration. Type Ⅲ fracture development zone has low productivity, and the fractures have limited effect on reservoir reconstruction.
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图 1 构造恢复方法示意图
a—斜剪切法恢复断层示意图（①—伸展断层形成前；②—伸展断层形成过程）；b—弯滑去褶皱法恢复褶皱示意图（①—现今地层形态；②—弯滑去褶皱恢复后地层形态）
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the structural restoration methods
(a) Schematic diagram of the fault restoration by the oblique shear method (①–Before the extensional fault formation; ②–Formation process of the extensional fault); (b) Schematic diagram of the fold restoration by the flexural slip unfolding method (①–Current stratigraphic morphology; ②–Stratigraphic morphology after the fold restoration)
图 2 研究区构造位置及地层沉积序列图
a—研究区构造位置图（据刘国平等，2016修改）；b—研究区地层沉积序列图
Figure 2. Structural location and stratigraphic sedimentary sequence map of the study area
(a) Tectonic location map of the study area (modified from Liu et al., 2016); (b) Stratigraphic sedimentary sequence map of the study area
图 3 研究区构造裂缝照片
a—高角度构造裂缝，XS601井，3646.60 m；b—3组构造裂缝，早期构造裂缝被方解石完全充填，XS5井，3480.10 m；c—多组构造裂缝，构造裂缝（Ⅱ）发育受到构造裂缝（Ⅰ）限制，构造裂缝（Ⅰ）又被构造裂缝（Ⅲ）切割，部分裂缝被泥质完全充填，XS5井，3488.30 m
Figure 3. Photos of structural fractures in the study area
(a) High-angle structural fractures (Well XS601 at 3646.60 m); (b) Three groups of structural fractures, and the early structural fractures are filled by calcite (Well XS5 at 3480.10 m); (c) Multiple groups of structural fractures; Structural fracture (I) limits the development of Structural fracture (II), and Structural fracture (Ⅲ) cut Structural fracture (I); Some of the fractures are filled by mud (Well XS5 at 3488.30 m)
图 4 研究区裂缝产状分布图
a—构造裂缝倾向倾角等密图（n=242）；b—构造裂缝走向玫瑰花图（n=242）；c—充填裂缝走向玫瑰花图（n=35）
Figure 4. Distribution map of fracture occurrence in the study area
(a) Isometric map of the dip and dip direction of structural fractures (n=242); (b) Rose diagram of the strike of structural fractures (n=242); (c) Rose diagram of the strike of filling fractures (n=35)
图 5 各时期研究区营四段构造模型
①—营城组沉积时期；②—登娄库组沉积时期；③—嫩江组沉积时期；④—现今
Figure 5. Structural model of the YING-4 section of different periods in the study area
①–Depositional period of the Yingcheng formation; ②–Depositional period of the Denglouku formation; ③–Depositional period of the Nenjiang formation; ④–Now
图 6 各时期研究区营四段构造图
a—营四段沉积末期底面构造图；b—登娄库组沉积末期营四段顶面构造图；c—嫩江组沉积末期营四段顶面构造图；d—现今营四段顶面构造图
Figure 6. Structural map of the YING-4 section of different periods in the study area
(a) The bottom structure of the YING-4 section at the end of the deposition; (b) The top structure of the YING-4 section at the end of the deposition of the Denglouku formation; (c) The top structure of the YING-4 section at the end of the deposition of the Nenjiang formation; (d) The top structure of the present YING-4 section
图 7 研究区有限应变分布图
a—营城末期—登娄库期有限应变分布图；b—泉头—青山口期有限应变分布图；c—嫩江期—现今有限应变图；d—三期叠加总有限应变分布图
Figure 7. Finite strain distribution in the study area
(a) Finite strain distribution map of the late Yingcheng–Denglouku period; (b) Finite strain distribution map of the Quantou–Qingshankou period; (c) Finite strain distribution map of the Nenjiang period–present; (d) Distribution map of the three-phase superimposed total finite strain
图 8 研究区裂缝发育分布区域验证图
a—试气产量与应变值关系图；b—裂缝发育区预测图
Figure 8. Verification map of fracture development and distribution area in the study area
(a) Relationship between test gas production and strain value; (b) Prediction map of the fracture development area
表 1 徐家围子兴城地区营四段致密气储集层渗透率与产能对应关系表（冯子辉等，2013）
Table 1. Corresponding relationship between permeability and productivity of the tight gas reservoir in the Ying-4 section of the Xingcheng area, Xujiaweizi Rift（Feng et al.，2013）
井名 井段/m 渗透率/×10-3μm2 产能（压裂后）/(m3/d) xs601 3461～3472 1.28 262641 fs5 3186～3210 0.25 49191 xs1 4435～4480 0.39 70000 3364～3379 0.31 54758 xs5 3411～3422 0.16 6619 
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