A preliminary study on the Mesozoic massive gold metallogenic mechanism of the deep-large fault coupling with critical water in the Jiaodong area, China
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摘要: 通过对胶东金矿地质背景和成矿特征研究的总结与分析，依据热液矿床水相变控矿理论，探索胶东地区高密度聚集巨量金矿的原因。研究发现，两期次降压驱动成矿物质运动和临界水的（温度和压力都达到水临界值时的水，下同）特殊性质是两个重要因素。在此基础上，文章提出胶东巨量金聚集成矿的深大断裂-临界成矿机制，即"一饼加一刀"的成矿机制：老变质岩提供丰富的成矿物源是基础；早期大型点状降压形成酸性侵入杂岩体和各类岩脉等，其伴生的长时间、巨量临界水促使成矿物质活化迁移；晚期大型线状断裂降压造成较短时间内成矿物质的沉淀，若断裂是张开的不连续空间则矿石以充填结构为主，若破碎带是连续空间时矿石则以蚀变交代结构为主。丰富的金源，两期次不同性质的降压，临界水的独特性质，是胶东巨量金矿聚集的主要因素。Abstract: This study aims to study the reason why a huge accumulation of gold deposits occurred in the Jiaodong area. We summarized and analyzed the geological background and metallogenic characteristics of the Jiaodong gold deposits. In parallel, we highlighted the importance of depressurization-driven movement of ore-forming materials at two stages and the special properties of critical water (water at the critical value of both temperature and pressure, the same below) based on the theory of water phase change controlling metallogenesis in hydrothermal deposits. The above analysis results allow us to propose the Mesozoic massive gold metallogenic mechanism of deep-large fault coupling with critical water in the Jiaodong area, that is, the metallogenic mechanism of "one cake plus one knife". The old metamorphic rocks provide abundant ore-forming materials. In the early stage, a large-scale point-like depressurization results in acid intrusive complexes and various dykes, which were accompanied by a large amount of critical water over a long time to promote the activation and migration of ore-forming materials; In the late stage, the depressurization of the large linear fault caused the precipitation of ore-forming materials in a short time. The faults with open discontinuous space are dominated by ore-filling structures, while the fracture zones with continuous space are dominated by mineralized alteration with metasomatic structures. Abundant gold in metamorphic rocks, two stages of depressurization with different properties and unique properties of critical water are the main factors for the accumulation of massive gold deposits in the Jiaodong area.
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图 1 胶东金矿集区地质简图(据王建等，2020)
SCF—三山岛-仓上断裂；JJF—焦家断裂；ZPF—招平断裂；QXF—栖霞断裂；TCF—桃村断裂；HQF—海阳-青岛断裂；RCF—荣成断裂
a—大地构造位置；b—金矿床分布地质图Figure 1. Geological map of the Jiaodong area showing the distribution of main gold deposits (Wang et al, 2020). (a) Geotectonic location. (b) Distribution map of main gold deposits.
SCF-the Sanshandao-Cangshang fault; JJF-the Jiaojia fault; ZPF-the Zhaoping fault; QXF-the Qixia fault; TCF-the Taocun fault; HQF-the Haiyang-Qingdao fault; RCF-the Rongcheng fault
图 2 玲珑金矿田主要矿体分布图(据高海东等，2020)
a—玲珑矿田主要矿体平面分布图；b—89号勘探线剖面图
Figure 2. Distribution map of main ore-bodies in the Linglong Au ore-field (Gao et al., 2020). (a) Plane distribution of main ore-bodies in the Linglong Au ore-field. (b) Profile of the No.89 survey line
图 3 玲珑矿田中典型矿体及蚀变(虚线为矿体和蚀变围岩的分界线)
a—绢英岩化矿体；b—三条含金黄铁矿细脉
Figure 3. Typical ore-body and alteration in the Linglong Au ore-field (The dotted line is the boundary between the ore-body and the altered surrounding rock). (a) Sericitized ore-body. (b) Three gold-bearing pyrite veinlets.
图 4 深大断裂-临界水耦合成矿机制模式示意图
1—白垩系沉积岩；2—老变质岩；3—花岗质岩；4—基性脉岩；5—酸性脉岩；6—断裂；7—花岗质岩大致边界成矿过程说明：早期降压形成大型点状岩基，岩脉形成时伴随着有大量的岩浆期后热液，这些热液活化和预富集成矿物质。晚期线状断裂降压，常伴有大量的盆地来源的水，叠加改造已有的蚀变破碎带，促使成矿物质富集或沉淀。矿体多定位于岩基边界与断裂交汇部位，或多组断裂交汇部位。
Figure 4. Sketch diagram of the metallogenic mechanism model of the deep-large fault coupling with critical water
1-Cretaceous sedimentary rocks; 2-old metamorphic rocks; 3-granitic rocks; 4-basic dykes; 5-acid dikes; 6-fractures; 7-approximate boundary of granitic rocks
The ore-forming process suggests that the large-scale point-like batholith was formed in the early stage of depressurization, and a large amount of post-magmatic hydrothermal solution was accompanied by the formation of various dikes, which activates and pre-enrichs mineralization materials. In the late stage, the linear fault was depressurized, often accompanied by a large amount of water from the basin, superimposed and reformed the existing altered fracture zone, and promoted the enrichment and precipitation of ore-forming materials. The ore-bodies are mostly located at the depressurization position where the boundary of the batholith intersects with the faults, or at the depressurization position where many groups of faults intersect. -
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