Discussion on the depositional timing of the Zhabusagaxiu formation in the eastern Qaidam Basin, China
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摘要: 柴达木盆地石炭系是中国北方新区新层系油气勘探调查研究的热点，盆地东部地区石炭系出露较全，但多数学者认为柴东地区不存在二叠系。针对扎布萨尕秀组归属于石炭纪还是二叠纪的争议，采集扎布萨尕秀组的砂岩碎屑锆石开展了U-Pb LA-ICP-MS同位素测年，获得40个和谐年龄分布在2488±34 Ma至288±3 Ma之间，最年轻的一组碎屑锆石的加权平均年龄288.0±2.0 Ma（MSWD=0.112，n=21）。这意味着该扎布萨尕秀组中的砂岩沉积于288 Ma之后，晚于国际石炭—二叠纪界限（299 Ma）。依据野外调查和已有研究成果，扎布萨尕秀组中赋存丰富的虫筳科化石，其中膨胀型虫筳属Pseudoschwagerina或Sphaeroschwagerina的出现是进入二叠纪的重要标志。结合碎屑锆石年代学和虫筳属化石特征，扎布萨尕秀组应归属早二叠世，说明柴达木东部地区存在二叠纪沉积记录。该认识为深化柴达木盆地晚古生代—中生代沉积建造和构造演化提供了重要的地层学证据。Abstract: The Carboniferous hydrocarbon exploration in the Qaidam Basin, Qinghai province in northern China, is the focus in the investigation of newly developed area and new series of strata. The Carboniferous sedimentary strata are fully exposed in the eastern part of the Qaidam Basin, and it has been assumed that there are no sedimentary strata of Permian. Nowadays, it is still controversial whether the Zhabusagaxiu formation belongs to the Carboniferous or Permian. In this paper, detrital zircons from sandstones of the Zhabusagaxiu formation were collected and the zircon U-Pb LA-ICP-MS isotopic dating was carried out. The harmonious ages of zircons were obtained, ranging from 2488±34 Ma to 288±3 Ma. The weighted average age of the youngest group is 288.0±2.0 Ma (MSWD=0.112, n=21). This means that the deposition of sandstones in the Zhabusagaxiu formation happened after 288 Ma, later than the international Carboniferous-Permian boundary (299 Ma). Based on the field investigation and previous research, there are abundant fossil families of Fusulina in the Zhabusagaxiu formation, and especially the appearance of pseudoschwagerina or spyroschwagerina is a crucial sign of entering the Permian. Consequently, combined with the zircon geochronology of classic rocks and typical fossil characteristics in the strata, it is suggested that the Zhabusagaxiu formation should belong to the Early Permian, indicating the existence of Permian stratigraphic deposition in the eastern Qaidam Basin. This recognition provides a geological basis for deepening the sedimentary formation and structural evolution from the late Paleozoic to Mesozoic in the Qaidam Basin.
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Key words:
- Qaidam Basin /
- Zhabusagaxiu formation /
- detrital zircon /
- Fusulina /
- Permian /
- geochronology
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图 1 柴达木盆地地质略图及采样位置
Figure 1. Geological sketch map of the Qaidam Basin and the sampling location
图 2 德令哈地区石灰沟扎布萨尕秀组地层剖面(青海省地质局第一区域地质测量队，1978b；五角星所示为采样层位)
Figure 2. Stratigraphic section of the Zhabusagaxiu formation in Shihuigou of the Delingha area (The First Regional Geological Survey Team of Qinghai Geological Bureau, 1978b; the pentagram is the sampling horizon of this study)
图 3 柴达木盆地东部石灰沟地区扎布萨尕秀组野外露头及镜下照片
a—灰岩及化石出露远景照，五角星为化石采样位置；b—砂岩镜下照片；c—化石露头照片；d—Pseudoschwagerina(假希瓦格䗴)单体；e—Sphaeroschwagerina(球希瓦格䗴)单体；Qtz—石英；Fsp—长石
Figure 3. Outcrop and microscopic view of the Zhabusagaxiu formation in the Shihuigou area of the eastern Qaidam Basin
图 4 扎布萨尕秀组砂岩中锆石的阴极发光影像及单颗粒锆石年龄
Figure 4. Cathodoluminescence images and ages of single zircon of sandstones in the Zhabusagaxiu formation
图 5 扎布萨尕秀组碎屑锆石U-Pb和谐年龄曲线和加权平均年龄直方图
Figure 5. U-Pb harmonious age curves and weighted average age histogram of zircons from the Zhabusagaxiu formation
表 1 扎布萨尕秀组砂岩中的锆石LA-ICP-MS同位素数据
Table 1. Zircon LA-ICP-MS isotopic data of sandstones from the Zhabusagaxiu formation
测点 元素含量/
10-6mg/kgTh/U 同位素比值 年龄/Ma Th U 207Pb/206Pb 1σ 207Pb/235U 1σ 206Pb/238U 1σ 208Pb/232Th 1σ 207Pb/206Pb 1σ 207Pb/235U 1σ 206Pb/238U 1σ 208Pb/232Th 1σ 1 317.09 413.60 0.77 0.058352 0.001746 0.403423 0.012798 0.049556 0.000592 0.017948 0.000436 542.6 64.8 344.1 9.3 311.8 3.6 359.6 8.7 2 219.39 380.38 0.58 0.053453 0.001379 0.532805 0.014624 0.071810 0.000923 0.023000 0.000550 346.4 59.3 433.7 9.7 447.0 5.6 459.6 10.9 3 174.79 353.29 0.49 0.051678 0.002037 0.342656 0.013278 0.047908 0.000561 0.015759 0.000455 272.3 88.9 299.2 10.0 301.7 3.5 316.0 9.1 4 154.90 265.24 0.58 0.056793 0.002921 0.372774 0.016238 0.048044 0.000654 0.017845 0.000700 483.4 114.8 321.7 12.0 302.5 4.0 357.5 13.9 5 169.49 349.63 0.48 0.062155 0.002613 0.736947 0.026848 0.086223 0.001690 0.024940 0.000712 679.6 90.7 560.6 15.7 533.2 10.0 497.9 14.0 6 107.92 322.97 0.33 0.056661 0.001641 0.570129 0.016834 0.072435 0.000997 0.024776 0.000740 479.7 64.8 458.1 10.9 450.8 6.0 494.7 14.6 7 67.32 499.77 0.13 0.113951 0.002126 5.074425 0.096383 0.318300 0.003406 0.076187 0.002358 1864.8 34.4 1831.8 16.2 1781.4 16.7 1484.1 44.3 8 233.34 277.17 0.84 0.056488 0.002352 0.387516 0.015564 0.049783 0.000792 0.016646 0.000466 472.3 92.6 332.6 11.4 313.2 4.9 333.7 9.3 9 79.03 253.38 0.31 0.111160 0.002335 5.226843 0.111256 0.335728 0.003999 0.094872 0.002293 1818.2 38.7 1857.0 18.2 1866.1 19.3 1832.0 42.3 10 177.58 325.69 0.55 0.128424 0.002513 6.501612 0.145477 0.360086 0.004340 0.098590 0.002256 2076.2 34.1 2046.1 19.7 1982.6 20.6 1900.5 41.5 11 229.02 320.02 0.72 0.054048 0.002090 0.346724 0.012857 0.046370 0.000597 0.014747 0.000411 372.3 87.0 302.3 9.7 292.2 3.7 295.9 8.2 12 231.23 310.42 0.74 0.052709 0.002212 0.347265 0.014232 0.047355 0.000648 0.014738 0.000369 316.7 96.3 302.7 10.7 298.3 4.0 295.7 7.3 13 327.19 616.54 0.53 0.055088 0.001624 0.409221 0.012204 0.053364 0.000613 0.016591 0.000404 416.7 64.8 348.3 8.8 335.1 3.8 332.6 8.0 14 146.52 493.67 0.30 0.057847 0.001503 0.578104 0.015433 0.071503 0.000812 0.023302 0.000582 524.1 62.0 463.2 9.9 445.2 4.9 465.6 11.5 15 207.38 329.31 0.63 0.055677 0.002840 0.392606 0.018008 0.049514 0.000708 0.017555 0.000515 438.9 114.8 336.3 13.1 311.5 4.4 351.8 10.2 16 239.10 456.26 0.52 0.062133 0.002622 0.595061 0.021881 0.069205 0.000812 0.020168 0.000600 679.6 89.6 474.1 13.9 431.4 4.9 403.6 11.9 17 132.14 126.82 1.04 0.054815 0.002552 0.516938 0.023489 0.068677 0.001092 0.020314 0.000589 405.6 103.7 423.1 15.7 428.2 6.6 406.5 11.7 18 186.61 301.74 0.62 0.057279 0.002173 0.381046 0.014065 0.048111 0.000648 0.015578 0.000417 501.9 83.3 327.8 10.3 302.9 4.0 312.4 8.3 19 136.45 249.00 0.55 0.163137 0.003173 9.242239 0.199412 0.404989 0.005336 0.122390 0.002755 2488.6 32.7 2362.3 19.8 2192.0 24.5 2333.7 49.6 20 85.87 220.79 0.39 0.057881 0.002064 0.595371 0.020740 0.074150 0.001015 0.026200 0.000883 524.1 77.8 474.3 13.2 461.1 6.1 522.7 17.4 21 231.74 442.43 0.52 0.052339 0.001602 0.362535 0.010894 0.049828 0.000583 0.014948 0.000370 301.9 70.4 314.1 8.1 313.5 3.6 299.9 7.4 22 371.67 474.26 0.78 0.052316 0.001697 0.354984 0.011196 0.048889 0.000616 0.015956 0.000394 298.2 69.4 308.5 8.4 307.7 3.8 320.0 7.8 23 218.64 336.73 0.65 0.051021 0.001992 0.322731 0.011582 0.046239 0.000629 0.013936 0.000379 242.7 88.9 284.0 8.9 291.4 3.9 279.7 7.6 24 110.35 175.20 0.63 0.059665 0.002635 0.627653 0.027900 0.075580 0.001114 0.020158 0.000713 590.8 91.7 494.6 17.4 469.7 6.7 403.4 14.1 25 53.49 453.77 0.12 0.058108 0.001921 0.551307 0.016980 0.068603 0.000840 0.024814 0.001079 600.0 72.2 445.9 11.1 427.7 5.1 495.4 21.3 26 292.06 400.78 0.73 0.050375 0.001996 0.329432 0.012166 0.047656 0.000631 0.014747 0.000369 213.0 92.6 289.1 9.3 300.1 3.9 295.9 7.4 27 280.39 355.32 0.79 0.055916 0.001950 0.367240 0.012009 0.047828 0.000603 0.015594 0.000374 450.0 77.8 317.6 8.9 301.2 3.7 312.8 7.4 28 265.34 347.89 0.76 0.052358 0.002342 0.330707 0.014246 0.045744 0.000567 0.013340 0.000365 301.9 101.8 290.1 10.9 288.3 3.5 267.9 7.3 29 148.98 286.49 0.52 0.052447 0.002255 0.363209 0.015235 0.050135 0.000680 0.017400 0.000525 305.6 127.8 314.6 11.3 315.3 4.2 348.7 10.4 30 84.40 208.33 0.41 0.051425 0.002034 0.516101 0.020882 0.072693 0.001027 0.021527 0.000681 261.2 92.6 422.5 14.0 452.4 6.2 430.5 13.5 31 170.39 426.74 0.40 0.058408 0.002398 0.532401 0.017926 0.066534 0.000777 0.021771 0.000670 546.3 88.9 433.4 11.9 415.2 4.7 435.3 13.2 32 86.73 295.44 0.29 0.056282 0.001882 0.552016 0.018750 0.070953 0.000886 0.022271 0.000707 464.9 106.5 446.3 12.3 441.9 5.3 445.2 14.0 33 169.76 332.83 0.51 0.055401 0.002491 0.363790 0.015115 0.048185 0.000745 0.016556 0.000516 427.8 100.0 315.0 11.3 303.4 4.6 331.9 10.3 34 123.68 201.98 0.61 0.054763 0.002766 0.367350 0.015839 0.049212 0.000751 0.015611 0.000537 466.7 117.6 317.7 11.8 309.7 4.6 313.1 10.7 35 298.37 372.50 0.80 0.054760 0.002005 0.354412 0.012763 0.047074 0.000635 0.014677 0.000381 466.7 83.3 308.0 9.6 296.5 3.9 294.5 7.6 36 235.04 341.71 0.69 0.056399 0.002045 0.374278 0.012967 0.048656 0.000682 0.016437 0.000406 477.8 79.6 322.8 9.6 306.3 4.2 329.5 8.1 37 98.95 155.83 0.64 0.055851 0.003476 0.372373 0.020241 0.049625 0.000842 0.019736 0.000695 455.6 143.5 321.4 15.0 312.2 5.2 395.0 13.8 38 179.38 247.58 0.72 0.053341 0.002322 0.342184 0.014747 0.046626 0.000678 0.015321 0.000437 342.7 98.1 298.8 11.2 293.8 4.2 307.3 8.7 39 319.84 445.32 0.72 0.051556 0.002127 0.334752 0.013465 0.046880 0.000578 0.014498 0.000361 264.9 99.1 293.2 10.2 295.3 3.6 290.9 7.2 40 368.07 546.39 0.67 0.053041 0.001526 0.519596 0.015194 0.070487 0.000856 0.022379 0.000530 331.5 64.8 424.9 10.2 439.1 5.2 447.3 10.5 
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