Effect of structural deformation on permeability evolution of marine shale reservoirs
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摘要: 与北美不同，中国南方海相页岩层经历了多期构造改造，页岩储层物性受构造变形作用的影响较大。为了研究构造变形对南方海相页岩储层渗透率的影响特征和机理，以雪峰山西侧地区五峰-龙马溪组页岩为研究对象，利用气体脉冲衰减法、压汞法和扫描电子显微镜等手段对不同变形页岩样品的渗透率、孔隙结构及孔隙形貌特征进行了测试分析，探讨构造变形页岩的渗透率演化特征及其对孔隙结构演化的响应机理。测试结果显示，强烈构造变形页岩的渗透性较原生页岩和弱变形页岩的渗透性显著提高，强变形页岩样品的渗透率在0.2 mD和2.69 mD之间，比未变形和弱变形页岩样品的渗透率(在1.5×10-4 mD和1.7×10-3 mD之间)高三个数量级，表明强构造变形作用对页岩渗透率具有显著促进作用；同时，不同有效压力条件下页岩渗透率的演化特征显示，强变形页岩气体渗透率的压力敏感性比原生页岩和弱变形页岩显著降低。构造变形条件下页岩孔隙结构与渗透率相关性的进一步分析认为，强变形页岩的孔隙结构变化特别是大孔和裂隙的发育，是促进其渗透率增加的主要原因。这些研究结果表明，伴随强烈的构造变形，南方海相页岩易形成大孔和微裂隙发育的孔隙结构特征，有助于强变形页岩层渗透性的显著提高。构造变形页岩渗透率的提高有利于地质条件下气体的运移，一方面，将有利于页岩气往构造高点的迁移和富集从而形成游离气型或外源型页岩气甜点；另一方面，也可能导致页岩气在盖层条件不佳和断裂发育区的散失。Abstract: Compared to North America,the geological conditions of marine shale reservoirs in South China are highly diversified and complicated due to the multi-tectonic movement,which transformed the structure of shale seams and resulted in structural deformed shale with unique reservoir properties. To investigate the effect of structural deformation on shale permeability,we experimentally examined the impacts of mineralogy,structural and fabric properties,and effective pressure on permeability evolution using two sets of undeformed shales(U) and deformed shales(D) collected from the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formations in the Upper Yangtze Block. Experimental analysis showed that the permeability between 0.2 and 2.69 millidarcies (mD) of strongly deformed shale samples were three orders of magnitude higher than the permeability (between 1.5×10-4 and 1.7×10-3 mD) of undeformed and slightly deformed shale samples. Meanwhile,strong deformation also reduces the pressure sensitivity of shale permeability when effective pressure increases from 700 PSI to 1200 PSI. These results indicated that accompanied by strong tectonic deformation,the shale permeability improved significantly,ant it would contribute to the development of macropore and micro-crack in the strong deformed shale samples. Moreover,the implications of permeability evolution with structural deformation is presented as that it would conducive to the transport and accumulation of shale gas,and may also lead to the leakage of shale gas in areas with poor seal conditions under the geological conditions of tectonic complex areas in South China.
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Key words:
- structural deformation /
- marine shale /
- permeability /
- pore structure /
- accumulation and leakage
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图 1 雪峰山西侧五峰-龙马溪组页岩样品采集点剖面照片及样点位置图(据Liang et al., 2017修改)
Figure 1. Photographs showing the profile and sampling points in the Wufeng-Longmaxi shales on the west side of the Xuefeng Mountain(modified after Liang et al., 2017)
图 2 手标本尺度下页岩样品宏观特征
a-未变形页岩U1; b-未变形页岩U2; c-未变形页岩U3; d-强变形页岩D1; e-强变形页岩D2; f-强变形页岩D3; g-弱变形页岩D4; h-弱变形页岩D5
Figure 2. Macro appearances of shale samples on hand specimen scale
图 3 薄片尺度下页岩样品微观结构及裂隙发育特征
a-未变形页岩U1; b-未变形页岩U2; c-未变形页岩U3; d-强变形页岩D1; e-强变形页岩D2; f-强变形页岩D3; g-弱变形页岩D4; h-弱变形页岩D5
Figure 3. Micro appearances of structure and fracture of shale samples on thin-section scale
图 4 页岩样品在不同有效压力条件下的渗透率演化特征
a-不同有效压力下页岩样品的渗透率演化特征；b-有效压力升高时页岩样品渗透率的降低效应
Figure 4. Permeability evolution of the shale samples with different structure deformations under different effective pressures
图 5 扫描电子显微镜SEM下不同构造变形页岩典型孔隙-裂隙发育特征
a-有机质孔；b-黄铁矿粒内孔；c、d-黏土矿物粒间孔; e、f-有机质-矿物粒间裂隙; g-裂缝型孔隙；h-溶蚀孔；i、j-剪切变形裂缝；k-裂缝型孔隙；l-裂缝及其次生矿物充填
Figure 5. Typical pore-crack structures of the Wufeng-Longmaxi shales under different deformation degrees on SEM images
图 6 渗透率与页岩物质组成及孔隙结构特征的关系图
a-渗透率与TOC含量关系；b-渗透率与石英含量关系；c-渗透率与孔隙度关系；d-渗透率与孔隙结构组成(大孔/中孔比值)关系
Figure 6. Relationship of permeability with shale composition and pore structure
表 1 雪峰山西侧五峰-龙马溪组页岩样品分类与物质组成
Table 1. Basic geochemical characteristics and classification of the Wufeng-Longmaxi shale samples on the west side of the Xuefeng Mountain
样品编号 TOC/% 石英/% 黏土/% 方解石/% 变形分类 U1 3.9 41 44 - 未变形页岩 U2 2.5 40 41 2 U3 2.0 34 33 11 D1 2.1 77 14 - 强变形页岩 D2 6.6 64 26 - D3 2.4 43 41 - D4 1.8 46 41 - 弱变形页岩 D5 3.0 71 20 - 
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表 2 页岩样品孔隙结构与渗透率参数
Table 2. Pore structure and permeability of the shale samples
样品 孔隙结构参数 不同有效压力(PSI*)下页岩样品的渗透率参数/mD 孔隙度/% 中孔/(μL/g) 大孔/(μL/g) 大孔与中孔的单位体积比值 700/PSI 1200/PSI 1700/PSI 2200/PSI 2700/PSI 3200/PSI U1 2.0 186.7 231.9 1.2 1.74×10-3 5.97×10-5 4.02×10-5 2.66×10-5 7.10×10-6 7.04×10-6 U2 1.6 175.5 122.9 0.7 4.3×10-4 2.51×10-5 2.18×10-6 1.73×10-6 1.50×10-6 1.15×10-6 U3 7.5 2198.4 330.0 0.2 2.9×10-4 1.22×10-5 5.16×10-6 2.78×10-6 1.03×10-6 1.71×10-6 D1 1.3 73.9 185.7 2.5 2.55×10-1 2.04×10-1 1.78×10-1 1.57×10-1 1.38×10-1 1.21×10-1 D2 1.6 73.8 143.3 1.9 1.99×10-1 1.26×10-1 8.63×10-2 5.95×10-2 4.41×10-2 3.56×10-2 D3 3.8 14.2 273.2 19.2 2.69 2.20 - - - - D4 2.5 148.7 172.1 1.2 4.97×10-4 2.02×10-5 1.66×10-5 9.10×10-6 8.04×10-6 4.75×10-6 D5 4.5 214.3 387.4 1.8 1.47×10-4 2.92×10-5 1.50×10-5 1.14×10-5 4.95×10-6 3.14×10-6 *注：1 MPa ≈145 PSI
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