Deformation characteristics of Early Paleozoic marine shale and their influence on the shale gas preservation in the eastern Sichuan-Wulingshan tectonic belt
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摘要: 川东-武陵构造带下古生界发育的两套海相页岩层系(下寒武统牛蹄塘组和上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组)不仅是区域内重要的滑脱层，也是页岩气勘探开发的重点层位。通过野外详细的构造解析及室内显微观察，从宏观露头—显微尺度分析了页岩的变形特征，认为页岩至少存在两期构造变形：早期顺层向北西或南东的逆冲和晚期的切层断层作用。页岩的变形强度随着与断裂带距离的变化而发生改变，远离断裂带的地区页岩变形主要表现为近直立的微裂隙，属脆性域；靠近断裂带，页岩的变形特征逐渐表现为脆-韧性过渡，开始发育糜棱化构造；在断裂带内部，页岩强烈面理化，发育大量的糜棱化构造，属韧性域。通过氩离子抛光和扫描电镜技术，分析了变形页岩内部的孔隙演化特征，认为随着变形作用从脆性—脆-韧性过渡—韧性的转变，页岩内部的孔隙类型不仅可以发生转换，而且页岩内部孔隙的大小、分布特征也随之改变。在此基础上，进一步讨论了中国南方复杂构造区下古生界页岩变形对页岩气保存的影响，认为顺层剪切滑脱作用会改变页岩内部的孔隙体系，有利于页岩气的富集；切层的伸展或走滑剪切作用不仅会破坏先前形成的油气圈闭，而且会导致油气沿着断裂带从高势区向低势区运移，进而造成油气散失。Abstract: Two sets of marine shale systems (the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation and the Upper Ordovician Wufeng-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formations) developed in the Lower Paleozoic of the eastern Sichuan-Wuling tectonic belt are not only significant decollement zones,but also key strata for shale gas exploration and development. In this paper,through detailed field structural analysis (macroscopic scale) and indoor microscopic observation (microscopic scale),it is considered that there are at least two stages of structural deformation developed in shale: top-to-the-NW/SE thrusting (D1) and the faults cutting through the bedding (D2). The deformation and strength characteristics of shale are related to the change of distance from the regional fault zones. The deformation characteristics of shale far away from the fault zone are mainly manifested as nearly vertical microcracks,belonging to the brittle domain; near the fault zone,the deformation characteristics of shale gradually show brittle-to-ductile transition and the development of mylonitization structures; within the fault zone,strongly foliated and mylonitization structures developed in the shale indicating the deformation of shale belongs to the ductile domain. By means of ion-milled backscatter SEM,the pore-structure evolution characteristics of deformed shale were analyzed. The result showed that not only the pore types in shale can be transformed,the size and distribution characteristics of pores can also change with the deformation strength. On this basis,the influence of Lower Paleozoic shale deformation on shale gas preservation in the complex structural area of South China is further discussed. It is suggested that the D1 can change the pore system developed in the shale,which is conducive to shale gas enrichment. The extension or strike-slip shearing (D2) can not only destroy the oil and gas traps formed previously,but also cause oil and gas migration from the high potential zone to the low potential zone along the fault zone,thus leading to oil and gas loss.
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图 1 川东-武陵构造带DEM图及采样位置图
下寒武统牛蹄塘组(红色)：MJD—马金洞；TP—田坪；LB—龙鼻；SB—砂堡；PJ—彭家屯；HPS—壶瓶山；ZMY—走马镇岩湾；SX—泗溪上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组(黄色)：YS—永顺；SJ—石家；GH—桂花；XW—小湾；ZM—走马村
Figure 1. DEM map of the eastern Sichuan-Wulingshan tectonic belt exhibiting the sample locations
图 2 下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩野外变形表现及采样位置
黄色五角星—采样位置，黄色数字—样品编号；S0—页岩沉积层理，S1—改造后的劈理
a—张家界四都坪田坪村发育的早期顺层滑脱被晚期走滑切断；b—吉首古丈县龙鼻村附近发育的南西向北东逆冲的断层切断早期页岩中发育的S1劈理；c—重庆秀山县孝溪乡彭家屯发育的正断层Figure 2. Field photos showing the structural characteristics and sample locations of the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation in the eastern Sichuan-Wulingshan tectonic belt
图 3 下志留统龙马溪组黑色页岩野外变形表现及采样位置
黄色五角星—采样位置，黄色数字—样品编号
a—重庆酉阳县桂花村采石场内向南东倾的黑色页岩；b—早期顺层滑脱变形；c—晚期左行走滑剪切Figure 3. Field photos showing the structural characteristics and sample locations of the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in the eastern Sichuan-Wulingshan tectonic belt
图 4 页岩中发育的断层及擦痕赤平投影图
a—下寒武统牛蹄塘组；b—上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组
Figure 4. Stereographic projections of fault planes and fault striae in the shale
图 5 川东-武陵构造带下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩微观变形表现显微镜下照片
a—发育粒序层理的未变形页岩；b—页岩中发育的格里菲斯裂纹；c—页岩中早期的格里菲斯裂纹被晚期方解石脉切割；d—不对称褶皱指示了由南西向北东的逆冲；e—页岩中发育的旋转碎斑指示了南西向北东的剪切；f—页岩中的微剪切应变带内部的不对称褶皱
Figure 5. Microphotos showing the deformation characteristics of the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation in the eastern Sichuan-Wulingshan tectonic belt
图 6 川东-武陵构造带上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组页岩微观变形表现显微镜下照片
a—未变形页岩；b—页岩中有机质、黏土类矿物含量高的区域发育的微剪切带；c—酉阳桂花村页岩S-C组构指示了南东向北西的剪切；d—彭水走马村页岩S-C组构及不对称褶皱指示了由北向南的剪切
Figure 6. Microphotos showing the deformation characteristics of the Upper Ordovician Wufeng-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formations in the eastern Sichuan-Wulingshan tectonic belt
图 7 川东-武陵构造带下古生界海相页岩超显微构造及孔隙分布特征
a—未变形页岩结构，发育不规则有机质孔、脆性矿物间骨架孔、黏土类矿物层间孔；b—具有脆、韧性过渡变形特征页岩中的黏土类矿物定向排列，脆性矿物间骨架孔数量减少；c—具有韧性变形特征页岩中发育的黏土类矿物定向排列，层间孔发育，黄铁矿集合体长轴方向具有优势方位；d—具有韧性变形特征页岩中层间孔合并为微裂隙，黄铁矿集合体等矿物长轴具有优势方位
Figure 7. Characteristics of ultramicroscopic structures and pore distribution of Lower Paleozoic marine shale in the eastern Sichuan-Wulingshan tectonic belt
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