FACIES ANALYSIS OF RED BEDS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF DANXIA LANDFORM IN LONGHUSHAN AREA OF JIANGXI PROVINCE: AN EXAMPLE FROM XIANRENCHENG SCENIC SPOT
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摘要: 江西龙虎山地区以发育老年期丹霞地貌为特色，其成景地层为晚白垩世河口组红层，目前对这套红层的沉积相认识程度还比较低。龙虎山仙人城景区河口组出露厚度达百余米，沉积构造发育，且人工开凿的台阶可以直达山顶，这为沉积相分析提供了便利条件。根据野外露头岩性组成、沉积构造等特点，识别出6种岩相单元：无沉积构造砾岩、正粒序层理砾岩、逆粒序层理砾岩、平行层理砾岩、含砾砂岩、古土壤。砾石统计结果表明，砾石粒径范围主要为3~4 cm，最大可达12.5 cm，成分以紫红色凝灰岩为主，砂岩、花岗岩和石英次之、变质岩（主要是片岩）较少，磨圆度主要为次棱角状，其次为棱角状。在显微镜下，砂岩碎屑颗粒主要呈棱角-次棱角状，分选性较差，粒径为0.05~2.00 mm，主要由石英、长石和岩屑组成，总体具有结构和成分成熟度中等偏低的特点。野外露头宏观和室内显微分析结果表明，仙人城丹霞地貌的成景地层为河流主导的冲积扇沉积体系的产物。在龙虎山地区，丹霞地貌的空间分布与盆地冲积扇沉积相的平面展布具有较好的一致性，盆地边缘冲积扇成因的厚层砾岩为后期丹霞地貌的形成和演化提供了物质基础。Abstract: Longhushan area is characterized by late-staged Danxia landforms with Late Cretaceous red beds of Hekou Formation as the scenery layer. Little is known about depositional facies of these redbeds. The outcrop of the Hekou Formation is more than 100 meters thick with abundant sedimentary structures. The man-made stone steps from the bottom to the top of the hill are favourable for performing detailed observation and measurement for facies analysis in Xianrencheng Scenic Spot in Longhushan area. Six lithofacies units are recognized based on the characteristics of lithology and sedimentary structures:structureless conglomerate, normal bedding conglomerate, inverse bedding conglomerate, parallel bedding conglomerate, pebbly sandstone, and paleosol. Pebble counting results show that gravels dominantly range from 3 cm to 4 cm with the largest one of 12.5 cm in diameter, and they are mainly composed of purple tuffs, followed by sandstones, granites, quartzite and minor amounts of metamorphic rocks (mainly schists). The roundness is mainly subangular, followed by angular. Under a microscope, the detrital grains of the interbedded sandstone samples are mainly angular to subangular, poorly sorted, 0.05~2.00 mm, composed of quartz, feldspar and rock fragments. Overall, the sandstone samples are featured by moderate to low textural and compositional maturities. Both the field macroscopic observation and microscopic analysis indicate that the redbeds were deposited by alluvial fan systems. Moreover, the spatial distribution of Danxia landforms and plane distribution of alluvial fan facies have good consistency. In particular, the coarse-grained sedimentary succession of alluvial fan facies along the basin margin provided the fundamental bedrock for the formation and development of Danxia landforms.
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Key words:
- depositional facies /
- Alluvial fan /
- Danxia landform /
- Hekou Formation /
- Longhushan Global Geopark
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图 1 江西龙虎山世界地质公园地质图
1—第四纪联圩组；2—塘边组含砾细砂岩；3—河口组砾岩和砂岩；4—晚白垩世凝灰岩和花岗岩；5—早白垩世凝灰岩、含砾砂岩和变质砂岩；6—晚三叠世花岗岩；7—晚志留世花岗岩；8—中奥陶世花岗岩；9—中-新元古代片岩；10—整合界线及不整合界线；11—地层产状；12—正断层；13—硅化破碎带；14—火山口。
Figure 1. Geological map of the Longhushan Global Geopark in Jiangxi Province
图 2 河口组岩石特征露头照片
a—陡峭的崖壁及其上发育的层控洞穴；b—侵蚀冲刷底界面及叠瓦状构造；c—正粒序层理砾岩；d—平行层理砾岩；e—具有河谷形态充填的砾岩；f—聚集状砾岩(筛状沉积)，呈透镜体状产出；g—颗粒支撑的砾岩，含有较大的棱角状砾石；h—砾岩中的砂岩夹层；i—古土壤
Figure 2. Outcrop pictures of the Hekou Formation
图 5 河口组砂岩显微镜下特征
Qp—多晶石英；Qtz—单晶石英；Kf—钾长石；Ca—钙质胶结
Figure 5. Microscopic features of sandstone samples from the Hekou Formation
图 6 河口组砂岩成分QFR图解
Q—石英总量；F—长石总量；R—岩屑总量
Figure 6. QFR diagrams of sandstone detrital compositions from the Hekou Formation
图 7 河口组砂岩样品粒度分析图
a—累积曲线；b—频率曲线
样品Ⅰ—XRC-1；样品Ⅱ—XRCLS-1；样品Ⅲ—XRCZr-5(1)；样品Ⅳ—XRCZr-5(2)；样品Ⅴ—XRCZr-5(3)；样品Ⅵ—XRCZr-6(1)；样品Ⅶ—XRCZr-6(2)；样品Ⅷ—XRCZr-7(1)；样品Ⅸ—XRCZr-7(2)Figure 7. Grain size diagrams of sandstone samples from the Hekou Formation
表 1 研究区砾石岩性和圆度统计结果
Table 1. Statistics of gravel lithology and roundness in the study area
岩性 磨圆度/% 合计
/%棱角状(A) 次棱角状(B) 次圆状(C) 紫红色凝灰岩 21 20 6 47 砖红色砂岩 2 8 2.5 12.5 灰白色砂岩 6 5 0.5 11.5 灰绿色砂岩 0.5 1.5 2 4 石英 6 5.5 1.5 13 脉石英 0.5 1.5 1 3 片岩 0 1 0.5 1.5 花岗岩 1.5 2.5 3.5 7.5 总计 37.5 45 17.5 100 
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表 2 河口组红层岩相划分
Table 2. Lithofacies classification of the redbeds of the Hekou Formation
序号 岩相 特征 沉积构造 解释 A 无沉积构造砾岩 砾石支撑、杂基支撑、块状 无粒序层理 沉积物高剪切应力或高粘性作用，沉积速率快，沉积物来不及分选 B 正粒序层理砾岩 杂基支撑 正粒序层理 洪泛水流能量逐渐降低 C 逆粒序层理砾岩 砾石支撑 逆粒序层理 高密度流体在流动过程中，颗粒的分散和上举作用 D 平行层理砾岩 砾石支撑、成层性差 平行层理 高能水流条件下的河道迁移 E 含砾砂岩 细到粗、可含砾石 板状交错层理 直脊沙纹迁移(侧向加积) F 古土壤 钙质结核、遗迹化石 土壤特征 地表氧化环境中的经成壤作用
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