STUDY ON 26Al EXPOSURE DATING OF FENG'ANSHAN LANDSLIDE IN THE MIDDLE REACHES OF BAILONG RIVER
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摘要: 准确地重建滑坡发生年代和复活期次是滑坡灾害风险评估与管理的关键步骤之一。近年来，随着AMS技术的发展，宇宙成因核素测年逐渐成为滑坡年代测定的有效手段之一。以甘肃省东南部白龙江中游的凤安山滑坡作为研究对象，在该滑坡后壁和其下方的大石块上各采集了1个宇生核素暴露年代样品，在综合考虑了遮蔽因子以及对该区域的侵蚀速率估算的基础上，研究了该滑坡的宇生核素26Al暴露年代。结果显示：该滑坡分别大约在0.72~0.75 ka和2.26~2.65 ka左右发生过，后者发生时间与该区公元前186年的地震型滑坡发生时间一致；对于年代越老的样品，侵蚀速率对宇生核素测年的年代结果影响越大。Abstract: Knowledge about the formation age and reactivation times of paleo-landslide are critical for landslide hazard assessment and management. With the development of AMS technology, cosmogenic nuclide dating method has been effectively applied in determining the formation age of paleo-landslide. In this study, the Feng'anshan landslide, which is located at the middle reaches of Bailong River in Southeast Gansu Province, was taken as the study target. Two rock samples, Fas-2 and Fas-1, were obtained from the landslide scarp and a block below the scarp respectively. Considering the masking factors and erosion rate of the sampling site, we calculated the 26Al age of the landslide by using the method of 26Al exposure dating with the cosmic nuclide. The main conclusions are as follows:(1) Two landslide events occurred at about 0.72~0.75 ka and 2.26~2.65 ka respectively. The latter formation age corresponds to the documented year of 186 BC in historical descriptions, when earthquakes induced the landslide. (2) The erosion rate has more impact on the dating results of samples with old ages.
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1. 引言
在进行隧道地震响应的数值模拟研究时, 不同的横向计算范围会对计算结果产生很大的影响。陈贵红[1]对沉管隧道进行抗震数值模拟时分析了合理的计算宽度, 认为横向全宽大于6倍洞径时, 其变化对计算结果的影响甚小, 但研究对象为土质隧道, 且为沉管隧道, 得到的结论对于山岭岩质隧道是否也适用呢?高峰等[2]对洞口段做了计算, 也认为横向全宽大于6倍洞径后可满足计算要求, 但并没有对比横向全宽小于或等于6倍洞径时的情况, 其结论的正确性似乎也有待于进一步论证。
在做动力计算时, 选择不同的人工边界对计算结果也会造成很大的差异, 而人工边界与选用的数值模拟软件有很大关系, 比如用FLAC3D做动力计算时, 程序默认的人工边界有三种, 即截断边界、自由场地边界和粘性边界。采用这三种边界得到的计算结果有何差异呢?选择何种边界比较合理?
结合上述两个问题, 本文以黄草坪隧道为研究对象, 采用FLAC3D对其进行地震响应的数值模拟研究, 在计算时将横向全宽取为洞径的5倍、6倍、7倍、8倍、9倍和10倍, 通过比较追踪点的应力来获得合理的计算宽度, 同时分别取上述三种人工边界进行计算, 来得到合理的边界。
2. 模拟方案及其过程
2.1 工程概况
黄草坪隧道位于四川省甘孜州巴塘县境内, 是国道318线海子山至竹巴笼段改建工程的控制性工程, 共2座, 其中1号隧道长1221m, 2号隧道长917m。受地形地质条件的限制, 隧道必须在距全新世的巴塘活动断裂约300 ~ 400m和中更新世的党巴活动断裂仅100 ~ 200m米的地方通过, 隧道轴线与活断裂带均近于平行。其中巴塘断裂斜切金沙江构造带主体, 具有明显的近代活动性, 具备未来发生7级左右强震的可能性, 场地基本地震烈度设计为Ⅷ度。如何分析该隧道的抗震稳定性能, 为其抗震加固提供科学依据, 成了该隧道工程的关键技术问题。
2.2 模型的建立
以黄草坪2号隧道洞身埋深最浅段K313+502~K313+522为地质原型, 该处隧道埋深仅64m, 灰色中薄层强风化结晶灰岩夹绿泥石片岩, 呈碎裂状压碎结构。掌子面发育有三组节理裂隙, 间距10 ~ 15cm, 长度1. 5 ~ 3m, 缝宽1 ~ 2mm, 有铁锈状充填物。岩体风化强烈, 受地质构造作用严重, 无地下水出露。现场确认该段为Ⅲ类弱围岩, 设计采用Ⅲ加强支护, 图 1为具体支护图。
图 2为计算模型图, 横向范围为80m、竖向范围为80m、隧道轴向范围为3m。单元总数2592、节点总数3460, 能够满足计算的精度要求。地层岩性为结晶灰岩Ⅲ弱类, 变形模量为280MPa, 泊松比为0. 25, 容重为0. 0278MN/m3, 内聚力为0. 5Mpa, 内摩擦角为29°, 抗拉强度为0. 2MPa。隧道设计采用Ⅲ加强支护, 初期支护的变形模量为20000MPa, 剪切模量为11500MPa, 体积模量为9500MPa, 厚度为25cm。
2.3 人工边界
2.3.1 截断边界
采用截断边界模拟时, 需要把模型的边界取得足够远, 把模型的范围取得足够大, 从而使边界反射的影响尽可能小, 但模型范围取得过大, 则需要较大的计算机存储能量和较长的计算时间。
2.3.2 粘性边界
粘性边界由Lysmer等于1969年提出[3], 是最早的局部人工边界, 它利用有粘性阻尼器耗能的原理, 在有限元模型的假想边界处设置阻尼器, 利用其产生的与运动速度成正比的粘性阻尼力吸收逸散波的能量。以P波入射粘性边界为例, 粘性边界上的法向应力σn和剪应力σs分别为:
(1) 
(2) 式中:vn———边界上速度的正向分量;
vs———边界上速度的切向分量;
ρ———为介质的密度;
Cp———P波在介质中传播速度;
Cs———S波在介质中传播速度。
在动力计算时, 动荷载的输入可采用加速度时程、速度时程、位移时程和应力时程四种方式, 但对于粘性边界条件, 则必须采用应力时程。对于加速度时程, 首先通过积分转化成速度时程, 再利用式(1)和(2)转化为相应的应力输入。
2.3.3 自由场地边界
在FLAC3D中, 可以通过使用Apply ff (free-field)在模型四周施加自由场地边界[4]。它的原理是采用粘滞阻尼器与自由场耦合来模拟静止边界, 即也是粘性边界(图 3)。因此, 采用FLAC3D自由场地边界和粘性边界的计算效果基本一致。但若采用自由场地边界计算, 动荷载的输入可以采用加速度时程, 不需要转化。
2.4 阻尼的选取
FLAC3D中, 可以采用两种阻尼, 即瑞利阻尼和局部阻尼。局部阻尼是在静力计算中使结构达到最终平衡的, 也可以用来进行动力分析。瑞利阻尼是结构分析和弹性体分析中用来抑制系统自振的, 通常可以用下式来表示:
(3) 式中:α———质量阻尼常数;
β———刚度阻尼常数。
在FLAC3D中, 使用瑞利阻尼时, 一般设置两个参数, 即临界最小阻尼比和中心频率, 可以由式(4)、(5)和(6)确定:
(4) 
(5) 
(6) 式中:ξmin———质量阻尼常数;
ωmin———角频率;
fmin———中心频率。
本文采用瑞利阻尼, 各参数值分别为α=0. 08、β=0. 03125、ξmin=0. 05和fmin=0. 25。
2.5 地震波的输入
四川省地震局以地震危险性概率分析得到的基岩加速度峰值和基岩加速度反应谱-基岩地震相关反应谱作为目标谱。用人工数值模拟方法合成基岩地震波, 并以此作为场地地震反应计算的输入地震波。本文采用黄草坪隧道按50年超越概率10 %概率水准合成的基岩设计加速度时程, 对应地震烈度为Ⅷ度。若直接使用未经基线调整的地震加速度时程, 则会造成计算结果的位移偏大, 夸大隧道的地震响应, 这是地震积分位移时程漂移所造成的[5]。因此, 本文利用Matlab的小波工具箱对原始地震加速度进行了基线校正, 图 4为调整后的地震加速度时程、速度时程和位移时程图[6]。地震波从模型底部输入, 介质的振动方向为竖直垂直洞轴线向上, 为P波。
图 4 地震动加速度时程、速度时程和位移时程Figure 4. Seismic dynamic acceleration time-history, velocity time-history and displacement time-history3. 计算结果与分析
3.1 合理计算宽度的确定
为了研究横向计算范围对隧道地震动力响应的影响, 人工边界采用自由场地边界, 横向范围分别考虑5倍、6倍、7倍、8倍、9倍、10倍隧道直径, 计算时间为5秒, 取拱顶围岩和拱顶衬砌为追踪点。
由图 5可知, 当横向计算全宽为洞径的5至7倍时, 拱顶围岩和衬砌的最大和最小主应力随模型范围的增大而变化较大, 但为7至10倍洞径时, 计算结果不随模型的增大而发生很明显的变化, 这说明将横向计算全宽取为7至8倍洞径是合理的。
图 5 隧道围岩和衬砌的主应力对比图Figure 5. Contrast of principal stresses of surrounding rocks and lining3.2 合理人工边界的确定
在3.1节的基础上, 将横向计算全宽取为洞径的8倍, 其它条件与3. 1一致, 但采用截断边界和粘性边界进行计算。截断边界指的是将底部竖向约束去除, 四周仍然采用静力计算时的固定边界; 粘性边界指的是将底部和四周均取为粘性边界。
由图 6可知, 采用截断边界计算得到的内力偏大, 这是由于未考虑无限地基的影响, 造成能量聚积而引起的, 从而夸大了隧道的地震响应。而采用自由场地边界或粘性边界能使地震波动能量向地基远域逸散, 因此结果更加精确。采用自由场地边界和粘性边界计算的内力也比较接近, 因此, 在计算时采用自由场地边界或粘性边界均可满足计算要求, 只是地震动输入的方式不同而已。
图 6 隧道围岩和衬砌的主应力对比图Figure 6. Contrast of principal stresses of surrounding rocks and lining4. 结论
(1) 在对山岭岩质隧道进行地震响应计算时, 将横向计算全宽取为洞径的7至8倍时, 即可满足计算精度要求。
(2) 在用FLAC3D进行隧道地震动力计算时, 采用截断边界会夸大地震响应结果, 而采用自由场地边界和粘性边界得到的结果比较接近, 也相对比较合理。
在对隧道进行地震动力响应的数值模拟研究中也存在一些其他问题, 还有待于进一步分析。
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图 3 凤安山滑坡及采样点
a-滑坡全貌图; b-滑坡后壁全貌图; c-局部滑坡后壁图; d-采样点位置图
Figure 3. Feng'anshan landslide and sampling location
表 1 凤安山滑坡样品26Al浓度
Table 1. 26Al concentration of the samples from Feng'anshan landslide
样品编号 石英质量/g 26Al/27Al/×10-15 AMS26Al测量相对误差/% 26Al浓度/×104atoms/g Fas-1 29.76048 22.7569 19.10 2.56±0.49 Fas-2 24.15329 14.6552 24.25 7.56±1.83 *B3 - 1.39007 注：-表示该数据为空，*表示所标注的样品为空白样 
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表 2 不同侵蚀速率下凤安山滑坡TCN 26Al暴露年代数据
Table 2. TCN 26Al Exposure ages in Feng'anshan landslide at different erosion rates
样品编号 Fas-1 Fas-2 采样深度/cm 3 4 遮蔽因素 0.58 0.58 26Al浓度 25658.104 75633.413 不同侵蚀速率情境下基于Lal(1991)/Stone(2000)模型所换算得到的年代(10Be, ka) ε=0 mm/ka 0.69±0.14 2.02±0.52 ε=8 mm/ka 0.70±0.15 2.05±0.54 ε=11 mm/ka 0.70±0.15 2.06±0.54 ε=29 mm/ka 0.71±0.15 2.12±0.58 ε=60 mm/ka 0.72±0.16 2.26±0.65 ε=130 mm/ka 0.75±0.17 2.65±0.92 注：ε代表侵蚀速率
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