Remote sensing image characteristics and seismic hazard of the Baiganhu Fault on the south side of the central Altyn Tagh Fault
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摘要: 准确厘定活动断层的空间分布和发育规模，是开展区域构造变形分析和地震危险性评价的重要基础。文章基于多源高分辨率卫星影像，系统解译了阿尔金断裂中段南侧白干湖左旋走滑断裂的断错地貌特征。结果表明，该断裂全长约247 km，总体呈北东东走向，第四纪晚期以来活动强烈，沿线广泛发育断错洪积扇、张剪性裂隙、挤压脊（鼓包）、错断冲沟及断塞塘等典型断错微地貌。依据几何结构与空间展布特征，可将白干湖断裂划分为西段、中段与东段3个次级段落，其中中段保存长约50 km的地震地表破裂带，平均同震水平位移达4.8 m，指示该段曾发生MW 7.4±0.3强震。对99组左旋位错冲沟的统计分析显示，该断裂最新一次地震的平均水平位错为4.3~4.8 m。若发生全段贯通破裂，白干湖断裂可产生MW 7.8±0.3地震；其与阿尔金断裂之间约5 km宽的阶区无法完全阻挡地震破裂的贯穿扩展，表明2条断裂存在级联破裂的可能。因此，需高度重视白干湖断裂的地震危险性，在区域地震危险性评估中应充分考虑其与阿尔金断裂发生级联破裂的潜在风险。Abstract:
Objective Accurately delineating the spatial distribution and geometric scale of active faults is essential for understanding crustal deformation and assessing regional seismic hazards. While the Altyn Tagh Fault (ATF) has been extensively studied, its adjacent secondary structures—such as the Baiganhu Fault—remain poorly constrained regarding their geometry, slip history, and seismic potential. This study aims to systematically characterize the offset geomorphology of the Baiganhu Fault, establish its segmentation, and evaluate its potential for generating large earthquakes, including multi-fault cascading ruptures with the ATF. Methods Using multi-source high-resolution satellite imagery and digital topographic data, we conducted detailed geomorphic mapping of the Baiganhu Fault. Displaced landforms (e.g., offset gullies, alluvial fans, pressure ridges, and sag ponds) were measured. We constrained displacement variations at individual measurement points using Gaussian cumulative probability density (COPD) distributions to interpret the displacement accumulation pattern and evaluate coseismic slip. Results The Baiganhu Fault extends for approximately 247 km along a general northeast–east (NEE) strike, displaying prominent left-lateral strike-slip geomorphic features. Based on fault geometry and deformation patterns, it is divided into western, central, and eastern segments. The central segment hosts a well-preserved ~50-km-long surface rupture zone with an average coseismic displacement of 4.8 m. Statistical analysis of 99 offset gullies yields an average horizontal offset of 4.3–4.8 m for the most recent event, corresponding to a moment magnitude of MW 7.4±0.3. A full-segment rupture could generate an earthquake of MW 7.8±0.3. Furthermore, the ~5-km-wide stepover separating the Baiganhu Fault from the main strand of the ATF is unlikely to act as a permanent barrier, making a cascading rupture mechanically plausible. Conclusions The Baiganhu Fault is a highly active left-lateral structure capable of generating MW 7.4 events. Regional seismic hazard models must incorporate the scenario of cascading ruptures between the Baiganhu Fault and the Altyn Tagh Fault to avoid underestimating seismic risk to surrounding infrastructure. Significance This study provides critical quantitative constraints on the geometry, slip behavior, and seismic potential of a previously under-studied secondary structure within the ATF system. By highlighting the potential for multi-fault cascading ruptures, our findings underscore the need to update regional seismic hazard models, which is vital for risk mitigation and infrastructure safety in the region. -
Key words:
- active tectonic block /
- strike-slip fault /
- Altyn Tagh Fault /
- Baiganhu Fault /
- seismic surface rupture
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图 1 白干湖断裂地震构造背景图
a—中国及邻区活动地块划分（据Zhang et al.，2025修改）；b—青藏高原北部地震构造图（据Yuan et al.，2024修改）；c—白干湖断裂展布图
Figure 1. Seismotectonic setting of the Baiganhu Fault
(a) Active tectonic block division of China and adjacent regions (modified from Zhang et al., 2025); (b) Seismotectonic map of the northern Tibetan Plateau (modified from Yuan et al., 2024); (c) Structural map of the Baiganhu Fault
图 2 白干湖断裂分段地质简图
Qh—全新统；Qp—更新统；K—白垩系；J—侏罗系；S—志留系；O—奥陶系；Pt—元古宇；OMym—奥陶纪蛇绿混杂岩；Fan1—Fan6—洪积扇不同期次
Figure 2. Geological sketch map showing the segmentation of the Baiganhu Fault
Qh–Holocene; Qp–Pleistocene; K–Cretaceous; J–Jurassic; S–Silurian; O–Ordovician; Pt–Proterozoic; OMym–Ordovician ophiolitic mélange; Fan1–Fan6–successive alluvial fans
图 3 白干湖断裂西段典型断错地貌
红色实线及相对位移箭头代表断层及断层方向，图c中红色箭头指向断层垭口，蓝色虚线指示该构造地貌的轮廓，图d中白色箭头指向错断冲沟，图d中红色箭头指向次级断层，数字代表冲沟的水平位错值a—断层槽谷遥感影像图；b—断层槽谷遥感影像解译图；c—断层垭口遥感影像图；d—错断冲沟遥感影像图
Figure 3. Typical offset landforms along the western segment of the Baiganhu fault
(a) Remote-sensing image of fault valley; (b) Interpreted image of the fault valley; (c) Remote-sensing image of fault saddle; (d) Remote-sensing image of offset gully The red solid lines and relative displacement arrows denote faults and fault kinematics. In (c), the red arrow points to the fault saddle, the blue dashed line outlines the geomorphic feature. In (d), the white arrows indicate offset gullies, the red arrow marks a secondary fault, and the numbers represent the horizontal offset values of the gullies.
图 4 白干湖断裂中段典型断错地貌
红色实线及相对位移箭头代表断层及断层方向；蓝色虚线表示冲沟，蓝色箭头表示冲沟流向；白色箭头指示冲沟位错距离，数字指示冲沟的位错值a—错断冲沟遥感影像图；b—大型错断冲沟与闸门脊遥感影像图；c—错断冲沟与洪积扇遥感影像图；d—西侧冲沟放大图； e—东侧错断冲沟放大图
Figure 4. Typical offset landforms along the central segment of the Baiganhu fault
(a) Remote-sensing image of offset gullies; (b) Remote-sensing image of large-scale faulted gullies and shutter ridges; (c) Remote-sensing image of offset gullies and alluvial fans; (d) Close-up of the western gullies; (e) Close-up of the the eastern offset gullies Red solid lines and relative‑displacement arrows represent faults and their kinematics; blue dashed lines outline gullies, with blue arrows indicating flow directions; white arrows point to gully offsets, and numbers give offset magnitudes.
图 5 白干湖断裂东段典型断错地貌特征
O—奥陶系；Pt—元古宇；OMym—奥陶纪蛇绿混杂岩；Fan1—Fan6 代表洪积扇不同期次a—东段局部山影图（箭头指向线性断错地貌）；b—东段局部解译图；c—被切割的洪积扇遥感影像图；d—洪积扇解译图
Figure 5. Typical offset landforms along the eastern segment of the Baiganhu fault
(a) Local hillshade map of the eastern segment (arrows indicate linear fault landforms); (b) Local interpreted map of the eastern segment; (c) Remote-sensing image of dissected alluvial fan; (d) Interpreted map of the alluvial fan in panel c O–Ordovician; Pt–Proterozoic; OMym–Ordovician ophiolitic mélange; Fan1 to Fan6 represent successive alluvial fans
图 6 白干湖断裂典型地震地表破裂特征
Fan1—Fan4代表洪积扇不同期次；红色水平箭头指示破裂方向，黑色圆圈指示错断冲沟，数值指示冲沟位错值a—挤压鼓包与张性裂缝遥感影像图；b—挤压鼓包与张性裂缝解译图；c—大型错断冲沟与线性张裂隙缝遥感影像图；d—大型错断冲沟与线性张裂隙解译图；e—雁列式走滑破裂缝遥感影像图；f—雁列式走滑破裂解译图
Figure 6. Typical seismic surface rupture features along the Baiganhu fault
(a) Remote-sensing image of pressure ridges and extensional fissures; (b) Interpreted map of pressure ridges and extensional fissures; (c) Remote-sensing image of large offset gully and linear extensional fissures; (d) Interpreted map of large offset gully and linear extensional fissures; (e) Remote-sensing image of en échelon strike-slip ruptures; (e) Interpreted map of en échelon strike-slip raptures Fan1 to Fan4 represent successive alluvial fans, red horizontal arrows indicate the direction of rupture, black circles mark offset gullies, with numbers denoting their offset magnitudes.
图 7 白干湖断裂80~165 km断层段冲沟位错分布和累积位错概率密度（COPD）图
a—COPD曲线（橙色代表全部冲沟位错点，绿色代表地震地表破裂带位错点，蓝色代表非地震地表破裂带位错点）；b—80~165 km断层段冲沟位错分布（绿色方块为地震地表破裂带内冲沟位错点，蓝色方块为非地震地表破裂带冲沟位错点，竖线代表位错测量误差）
Figure 7. Distribution of gully offsets and COPD plots for the 80–165 km segment of the Baiganhu Fault
(a) COPD plots（The yellow curve represents all offset gullies, the green curve represents offsets along the coseismic surface rupture zone, and the blue curve represents the offsets outside the surface rupture zone.）；(b) Gully offset distribution along the 80–165 km fault segments（Green squares represent offset gullies within the coseismic surface rupture zone, blue squares represent o those outside the surface rupture zone, and vertical bars denote offset measurement uncertainties.）
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