Genesis of Ordovician Kelimoli Formation dolomites in the complex tectonic zone along the western margin of the Ordos Basin
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摘要: 鄂尔多斯盆地西缘复杂构造带奥陶系克里摩里组白云岩作为天然气勘探的优质储层,其成因机制与沉积环境、构造多期叠加改造之间的关系,仍存在着争议。以岩石薄片鉴定、阴极发光、碳氧同位素、X射线衍射有序度、地球化学元素及Sr同位素综合测试分析为基础,结合区域构造演化过程,探讨白云岩的成因机制。白云岩阴极发光整体表现出较弱的暗褐色,环带明显,可见热液矿物自生石英和马鞍状白云石,具有多期重结晶埋藏成因的特征。碳氧同位素特征进一步表明白云岩具有埋藏成因。白云岩样品中白云石有序度总体显示出不太高的特点,并且温度越高,有序度越低,说明白云岩是在较高温度、结晶速度较快的环境下形成的。稀土元素配分模式具有Ce正异常、Eu正异常的特点,表明白云岩形成过程受控于相对封闭且具有较高温度、压力的成岩环境,其本质是成岩系统内部流体发生相互调整与物质再分配的产物。此外,白云岩中微量元素Sr含量越低,Fe、Mn含量越高,总体上表现出深埋藏条件下的多期叠加改造特征。中—粗晶白云岩Sr同位素值明显接近于壳源Sr同位素的平均值,这可能是由于受到了同期构造携带的壳源Sr的影响。研究认为奥陶系克里摩里组白云岩以深埋藏成因为主,同时又受到了构造热流体的叠加改造作用。白云岩的形成演化与深部断裂体系紧密相关,同沉积期深部断裂体系控制了高能滩的发育,后期构造活动期深部断裂体系成为流体运移的通道,促进了白云岩体的叠加改造。该研究成果可以为油气资源的高效勘探提供基础支撑。Abstract:
Objective The dolomite in the Ordovician Kelimoli Formation of the complex tectonic zone along the western Ordos Basin margin is a high-quality reservoir for natural gas exploration. However, its genetic mechanism and the relationships among the sedimentary environment, multi-stage tectonic superimposition, and diagenetic alteration remain controversial, limiting effective guidance for oil and gas exploration. Methods To elucidate the genesis of this dolomite, a comprehensive analytical approach was applied, incorporating thin-section petrography, cathodoluminescence (CL), C–O isotopes, X-ray diffraction (XRD) ordering degrees, trace and rare earth element (REE) geochemistry, and Sr isotopes, integrated with regional tectonic evolution. Results Under CL, the dolomites generally exhibit weak dark-brown luminescence with distinct zonation, alongside authigenic quartz and saddle dolomite, indicating hydrothermal involvement and multi-stage recrystallization during deep burial. Carbon and oxygen isotopic signatures further support a burial origin. XRD data reveal a relatively low ordering degree in dolomites, which decreases with increasing temperature, suggesting rapid crystallization under elevated temperatures. REE patterns display positive Ce and Eu anomalies, indicating that dolomitization occurred in a relatively closed, high-temperature, and high-pressure diagenetic system via internal fluid readjustment and material redistribution. Overall, the dolomite shows a relatively low degree of order, and the order decreases with higher temperatures, suggesting that the dolomite formed in an environment with relatively high temperature and rapid crystallization rate. Geochemically, lower Sr contents correlate with higher Fe and Mn concentrations, reflecting multi-stage superimposed alteration under deep burial conditions. Furthermore, strontium isotope values of medium-to coarse-grained dolomite closely approach average crustal values, likely influenced by crustal Sr transported along coeval tectonic conduits. Conclusions This research attributes the dolomite formation primarily to deep burial and the coeval superimposition of tectonic fluid modification. The origin and evolution of the Ordovician Kelimoli Formation dolomite were strongly controlled by deep fault systems. During the co-deposition period, this fault system controlled the development of high-energy terraces. In the subsequent tectonic activity phase, the deep fault system became a fluid migration channel, facilitating the superimposed modification of dolomite bodies. Significance The research results provide fundamental support for the efficient exploration of oil and gas resources. -
图 1 鄂尔多斯盆地西缘构造纲要和奥陶系克里摩里组沉积相图
a—鄂尔多斯盆地西缘构造纲要图;b—奥陶系克里摩里组沉积相图
Figure 1. Structural outline of the western margin of the Ordos Basin and sedimentary facies of the Ordovician Kelimoli Formation
(a) Tectonic framework map of the western margin of Ordos Basin; (b) Sedimentary facies map of the Ordovician Kelimoli Formation
图 3 西探1井奥陶系克里摩里组白云岩显微镜下典型特征
a—西探1井4832.35 m,单偏光;b—西探1井4832.35 m,正交偏光;c—西探1井4833.15 m,单偏光;d—西探1井4833.15 m,正交偏光
Figure 3. Photomicrographs showing typical microstructures of the Ordovician Kelimoli Formation dolomites in Well Xitan-1
(a) Kelimoli Formation, Well Xitan-1, 4832.35 m, plane-polarized light; (b) Kelimoli Formation, Well Xitan-1, 4832.35 m, cross-polarized light; (c) Kelimoli Formation, Well Xitan-1, 4833.15 m, plane-polarized light; (d) Kelimoli Formation, Well Xitan-1, 4833.15 m, cross-polarized light
图 4 鄂尔多斯盆地西缘西探1井奥陶系克里摩里组白云岩阴极发光特征
a—细晶白云石明亮发光,中—粗晶白云石较弱的暗褐色发光;b—马鞍状白云石呈雾心亮边结构,自生石英不发光;c—马鞍状白云石呈雾心亮边结构,方解石呈现黄褐色;d—方解石呈现黄褐色
Figure 4. Cathodoluminescence (CL) characteristics of the Ordovician Kelimoli Formation dolomites in Well Xitan-1, western margin of the Ordos Basin
(a) Fine-grained dolomite exhibiting bright fluorescence, contrasted with weak dark-brown luminescence in medium-to coarse-grained dolomite; (b) Saddle-shaped dolomite having a foggy core and bright rim structure, with non-luminescent authigenic quartz; (c) Saddle-shaped dolomite displaying a foggy core and bright rim structure, with yellowish-brown luminescent calcite; (d) Calcite exhibiting yellowish-brown luminescence
图 5 鄂尔多斯盆地西缘西探1井奥陶系克里摩里组白云岩碳氧同位素关系图解(Hird,1987)
Figure 5. Carbon and oxygen isotope cross-plot of the Ordovician Kelimoli Formation dolomites in Well Xitan-1, western margin of the Ordos Basin (Hird, 1987)
图 6 白云石有序度及相关性分析
a—白云石有序度;b—氧同位素与有序度相关性分析;c—古盐度与有序度相关性分析;d—古温度与有序度相关性分析
Figure 6. Dolomite ordering degrees and their correlation analysis
(a) Dolomite ordering degrees; (b) Correlation between oxygen isotopes and ordering degree; (c) Correlation between palaeosalinity and ordering degree; (d) Correlation between palaeotemperature and ordering degree
图 7 鄂尔多斯西缘奥陶系克里摩里组白云岩稀土元素标准化曲线
样品编号岩性见表2
Figure 7. PAAS-normalized REE patterns of the Ordovician Kelimoli Formation dolomites, western margin of the Ordos Basin
图 8 西探1井奥陶系克里摩里组白云岩典型热液矿物显微镜下特征
a—中—粗晶白云岩,4834.22 m,单偏光;b—中—粗晶白云岩,4834.22 m,正交偏光;c—中—粗晶白云岩,4832.53 m,单偏光;d—中—粗晶白云岩,4832.53 m,正交偏光;e—中—粗晶白云岩,4833.15 m,单偏光;f—中—粗晶白云岩,4833.15 m,正交偏光;g—中—粗晶白云岩,4833.20 m,单偏光;h—中—粗晶白云岩,4833.20 m,正交偏光
Figure 8. Photomicrographs showing typical hydrothermal minerals in the Ordovician Kelimoli Formation dolomites from Well Xitan-1
(a) Medium-to-coarse-grained dolomite, 4834.22 m, plane polarized light; (b) Medium-to coarse-grained dolomite, 4834.22 m, cross-polarized light; (c) Medium-to coarse-grained dolomite, 4832.53 m, plane polarized light; (d) Medium-to coarse-grained dolomite, 4832.53 m, cross-polarized light; (e) Medium-to coarse-grained dolomite, 4833.15 m, plane polarized light; (f) Medium-to coarse-grained dolomite, 4833.15 m, cross-polarized light; (g) Medium-to coarse-grained dolomite, 4833.20 m, plane polarized light; (h) Medium-to coarse-grained dolomite, 4833.20 m, cross-polarized light
图 9 鄂尔多斯盆地西缘奥陶系克里摩里组生物碎屑灰岩典型特征
a—西探1井4833.50 m,单偏光;b—西探1井4833.65 m,单偏光;c—西探1井4833.68 m,单偏光;d—西探1井4833.70 m,单偏光;e—西探1井4833.75 m,单偏光;f—西探1井4833.78 m,单偏光;g—梁探1井5058.00 m,单偏光;h—梁探1井5058.20 m,单偏光;i—梁探1井5058.35 m,单偏光;j—梁探1井5058.38 m,单偏光;k—梁探1井5058.42 m,单偏光;l—梁探1井5058.45 m,单偏光
Figure 9. Photomicrographs showing typical petrographic characteristics of bioclastic limestones in the Ordovician Kelimoli Formation, western margin of the Ordos Basin
(a) Well Xitan-1, Kelimoli Formation, 4833.50 m, plane-polarized light; (b) Well Xitan-1, Kelimoli Formation, 4833.65 m, plane-polarized light; (c) Well Xitan-1, Kelimoli Formation, 4833.68 m, plane-polarized light; (d) Well Xitan-1, Kelimoli Formation, 4833.70 m, plane-polarized light; (e) Well Xitan-1, Kelimoli Formation, 4833.75 m, plane-polarized light; (f) Well Xitan-1, Kelimoli Formation, 4833.78 m, plane-polarized light; (g) Well Liangtan-1, Kelimoli Formation, 5058.00 m, plane-polarized light; (h) Well Liangtan-1, Kelimoli Formation, 5058.20 m, plane-polarized light; (i) Well Liangtan-1, Kelimoli Formation, 5058.35 m, plane-polarized light; (j) Well Liangtan-1, Kelimoli Formation, 5058.38 m, plane-polarized light; (k) Well Liangtan-1, Kelimoli Formation, 5058.42 m, plane-polarized light; (l) Well Liangtan-1, Kelimoli Formation, 5058.45 m, plane-polarized light
图 11 鄂尔多斯盆地西缘奥陶系克里摩里组白云岩形成演化模式图
a—奥陶系克里摩里组沉积末期;b—石炭系沉积末期;c—三叠系沉积末期;d—侏罗系沉积末期
Figure 11. Genetic and evolutionary model of dolomites in the Ordovician Kelimoli Formation, western margin of the Ordos Basin
(a) End of Ordovician Kelimoli deposition; (b) End of Carboniferous deposition; (c) End of Triassic deposition; (d) End of Jurassic deposition
表 1 鄂尔多斯盆地西缘西探1井白云岩碳氧同位素与有序度分析结果
Table 1. Carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions and XRD ordering degrees of dolomites from Well Xitan-1, western margin of the Ordos Basin
编号 岩性 井深/m δ13C/‰ δ18O/‰ 古盐度/‰ 古温度/℃ 有序度 1 中—粗晶白云岩 4830.13 −0.75 −13.85 119 98 0.54 2 细晶白云岩 4830.26 0.43 −8.44 124 60 0.70 3 中—粗晶白云岩 4830.39 −0.78 −13.75 119 98 0.56 4 细晶白云岩 4830.54 0.88 −6.99 126 51 0.64 5 中—粗晶白云岩 4830.65 −0.81 −13.65 119 97 0.58 6 细晶白云岩 4830.88 0.57 −7.13 125 52 0.70 7 细晶白云岩 4831.08 0.82 −7.13 125 52 0.63 8 细晶白云岩 4831.25 0.72 −7.50 125 54 0.56 9 细晶白云岩 4831.48 0.62 −7.61 125 55 0.78 10 细晶白云岩 4831.60 0.72 −7.28 125 53 0.62 11 细晶白云岩 4831.75 0.75 −7.45 125 54 0.8 12 细晶白云岩 4831.92 0.78 −7.38 125 54 0.82 13 细晶白云岩 4832.04 0.77 −7.35 125 53 0.61 14 细晶白云岩 4832.25 0.72 −7.45 125 54 0.60 15 细晶白云岩 4832.53 0.67 −7.50 125 54 0.68 16 细晶白云岩 4832.73 0.61 −7.20 125 53 0.67 17 细晶白云岩 4832.85 0.65 −7.52 125 54 0.65 18 细晶白云岩 4833.02 0.28 −8.02 124 58 0.75 19 细晶白云岩 4833.33 0.54 −7.57 125 55 0.64 20 细晶白云岩 4833.50 0.53 −7.30 125 53 0.72 21 细晶白云岩 4833.65 0.52 −7.82 124 56 0.62 22 细晶白云岩 4833.79 0.34 −7.58 124 55 0.73 23 细晶白云岩 4833.92 0.57 −7.34 125 53 0.72 24 细晶白云岩 4834.04 0.61 −7.16 125 52 0.55 25 细晶白云岩 4834.15 0.60 −7.64 125 55 0.66 26 细晶白云岩 4834.24 0.58 −7.68 125 55 0.65 27 细晶白云岩 4834.40 0.57 −7.41 125 54 0.68 28 细晶白云岩 4834.60 0.55 −7.62 125 55 0.70 29 细晶白云岩 4834.75 0.56 −7.72 125 56 0.65 30 细晶白云岩 4835.00 0.52 −7.33 125 53 0.69 古温度(T)计算公式:T =16.9−4.2×(δ18O+0.22)+ 0.13×(δ18O+0.22)2(邵龙义,1994);古盐度(Z)计算公式:Z =2.048×(δ13C+50)+ 0.498×(δ18O +50)(邵龙义,1994) 表 2 鄂尔多斯盆地西缘奥陶系克里摩里组白云岩稀土元素分析
Table 2. Rare earth element (REE) concentrations of dolomites from the Ordovician Kelimoli Formation, western margin of the Ordos Basin
编号 岩性 La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Y /(×10−6) 1 中—粗晶白云岩 6.88 13.27 1.42 7.71 1.50 0.38 1.59 0.22 1.18 0.21 0.62 0.07 0.45 0.06 9.69 2 细晶白云岩 1.46 3.19 0.45 1.98 0.39 0.08 0.43 0.06 0.37 0.07 0.22 0.03 0.16 0.03 2.76 3 中—粗晶白云岩 6.04 12.34 1.69 7.40 1.45 0.30 1.58 0.22 1.25 0.21 0.66 0.07 0.45 0.06 9.44 4 细晶白云岩 0.69 1.56 0.23 1.01 0.22 0.05 0.23 0.04 0.22 0.05 0.15 0.02 0.14 0.02 1.81 5 中—粗晶白云岩 6.59 12.65 1.29 7.95 1.36 0.32 1.77 0.21 1.24 0.21 0.61 0.07 0.46 0.06 9.71 6 细晶白云岩 1.18 2.39 0.34 1.60 0.34 0.19 0.34 0.05 0.33 0.06 0.21 0.03 0.19 0.03 2.47 7 细晶白云岩 0.81 1.80 0.25 1.09 0.23 0.21 0.23 0.04 0.24 0.04 0.15 0.02 0.12 0.02 1.56 8 细晶白云岩 0.96 2.12 0.30 1.33 0.28 0.17 0.29 0.04 0.27 0.05 0.16 0.02 0.13 0.02 1.77 9 细晶白云岩 1.78 3.26 0.41 1.77 0.33 0.17 0.35 0.05 0.29 0.05 0.17 0.02 0.13 0.02 2.18 10 细晶白云岩 0.92 1.74 0.24 1.01 0.21 0.13 0.20 0.03 0.19 0.04 0.13 0.02 0.11 0.02 1.43 11 细晶白云岩 0.95 1.69 0.29 1.05 0.25 0.16 0.24 0.03 0.18 0.04 0.13 0.02 0.11 0.02 1.39 12 细晶白云岩 0.85 1.62 0.30 1.04 0.25 0.17 0.25 0.03 0.17 0.04 0.13 0.02 0.11 0.01 1.29 13 细晶白云岩 1.21 2.26 0.29 1.23 0.25 0.20 0.25 0.04 0.21 0.04 0.14 0.02 0.11 0.02 1.69 14 细晶白云岩 1.33 2.45 0.36 1.25 0.32 0.19 0.29 0.04 0.25 0.05 0.16 0.02 0.11 0.01 1.73 15 细晶白云岩 1.79 3.35 0.42 1.85 0.33 0.15 0.37 0.05 0.29 0.06 0.18 0.02 0.14 0.02 2.37 16 细晶白云岩 1.15 2.15 0.28 1.24 0.24 0.19 0.25 0.04 0.23 0.04 0.15 0.02 0.12 0.02 1.65 17 细晶白云岩 1.13 2.14 0.33 1.33 0.23 0.20 0.26 0.04 0.26 0.05 0.14 0.01 0.12 0.02 1.69 18 细晶白云岩 1.33 2.81 0.39 1.81 0.33 0.14 0.37 0.06 0.32 0.06 0.20 0.03 0.15 0.03 2.35 19 细晶白云岩 1.33 2.62 0.34 1.50 0.28 0.14 0.30 0.04 0.27 0.05 0.17 0.02 0.13 0.02 2.03 20 细晶白云岩 1.66 3.23 0.42 1.83 0.36 0.17 0.37 0.05 0.36 0.06 0.21 0.03 0.19 0.03 2.29 21 细晶白云岩 1.69 3.24 0.48 1.84 0.36 0.25 0.37 0.06 0.37 0.07 0.22 0.03 0.19 0.03 2.27 22 细晶白云岩 1.11 3.01 0.44 2.08 0.40 0.23 0.39 0.06 0.30 0.06 0.19 0.02 0.16 0.02 2.08 23 细晶白云岩 0.82 1.93 0.26 1.22 0.25 0.13 0.26 0.04 0.22 0.04 0.14 0.02 0.12 0.02 1.57 24 细晶白云岩 0.92 2.16 0.30 1.33 0.28 0.13 0.28 0.04 0.27 0.05 0.17 0.02 0.14 0.02 1.83 25 细晶白云岩 0.90 2.28 0.31 1.37 0.29 0.14 0.30 0.05 0.24 0.05 0.16 0.03 0.15 0.02 1.89 26 细晶白云岩 0.95 2.23 0.33 1.24 0.27 0.14 0.30 0.04 0.23 0.05 0.16 0.03 0.15 0.03 1.80 27 细晶白云岩 1.43 2.79 0.35 1.53 0.29 0.22 0.33 0.05 0.29 0.05 0.16 0.02 0.14 0.02 2.03 28 细晶白云岩 1.53 2.69 0.35 1.63 0.40 0.23 0.36 0.05 0.28 0.06 0.17 0.03 0.15 0.02 2.04 29 细晶白云岩 1.83 2.35 0.33 1.73 0.40 0.24 0.34 0.05 0.29 0.05 0.17 0.03 0.15 0.02 2.04 30 细晶白云岩 2.10 4.07 0.48 2.18 0.42 0.27 0.45 0.06 0.39 0.08 0.25 0.03 0.21 0.03 2.83 表 3 鄂尔多斯盆地西缘奥陶系白云岩微量元素特征
Table 3. Trace element compositions of Ordovician dolomites, western margin of the Ordos Basin
编号 岩性 深度/m Mn/(×10−6) Fe/(×10−6) Sr/(×10−6) Na/(×10−6) 编号 岩性 深度/m Mn/(×10−6) Fe/(×10−6) Sr/(×10−6) Na/(×10−6) 1 中—粗晶白云岩 4830.13 435.5 4412 28.85 165.5 16 细晶白云岩 4832.73 139.5 1560 60.23 289.9 2 细晶白云岩 4830.26 229.5 2385 50.65 155.5 17 细晶白云岩 4832.85 145.6 1685 58.69 294.1 3 中—粗晶白云岩 4830.39 491.2 4325 26.25 173.6 18 细晶白云岩 4833.02 220.3 2544 52.53 303.8 4 细晶白云岩 4830.54 123.6 1134 60.30 238.9 19 细晶白云岩 4833.33 185.1 2235 53.33 310.2 5 中—粗晶白云岩 4830.65 425.2 4145 22.40 240.4 20 细晶白云岩 4833.5 147.4 1542 61.84 310.8 6 细晶白云岩 4830.88 174.2 1573 60.70 241.6 21 细晶白云岩 4833.65 148.2 1588 62.85 312.2 7 细晶白云岩 4831.08 119.2 1193 70.22 242.7 22 细晶白云岩 4833.79 163.0 1691 60.00 314.6 8 细晶白云岩 4831.25 186.3 2363 55.55 245.8 23 细晶白云岩 4833.92 147.0 1689 61.78 332.2 9 细晶白云岩 4831.48 181.6 1746 56.53 247.8 24 细晶白云岩 4834.04 119.8 1245 70.19 339.7 10 细晶白云岩 4831.6 140.0 1342 60.28 248.5 25 细晶白云岩 4834.15 120.3 1085 74.65 342.5 11 细晶白云岩 4831.75 139.5 1368 62.45 254.5 26 细晶白云岩 4834.24 123.5 1286 65.25 345.2 12 细晶白云岩 4831.92 139.8 1362 62.86 257.6 27 细晶白云岩 4834.4 140.1 1371 61.74 346.5 13 细晶白云岩 4832.04 145.1 1314 58.77 272.5 28 细晶白云岩 4834.6 142.8 1385 62.45 348.6 14 细晶白云岩 4832.25 148.2 1328 59.69 275.8 29 细晶白云岩 4834.75 144.6 1375 60.28 349.4 15 细晶白云岩 4832.53 162.6 2000 55.45 286.0 30 细晶白云岩 4835 119.6 1221 70.68 356.6 表 4 鄂尔多斯盆地西缘奥陶系克里摩里组灰岩与白云岩Sr同位素测试结果
Table 4. Strontium isotope compositions of limestones and dolomites in the Ordovician Kelimoli Formation, western margin of the Ordos Basin
样品编号 剖面/钻井 层 位 岩 性 87Sr/86Sr 误差 Q-1 青龙山 克里摩里组 灰岩 0.708553 0.000005 Q-2 青龙山 克里摩里组 灰岩 0.708543 0.000005 Q-3 青龙山 克里摩里组 灰岩 0.708428 0.000005 Q-4 青龙山 克里摩里组 灰岩 0.708394 0.000005 Q-5 青龙山 克里摩里组 灰岩 0.708384 0.000005 X-1 西探1 克里摩里组 中—粗晶白云岩 0.710218 0.000005 X-2 西探1 克里摩里组 中—粗晶白云岩 0.710748 0.000005 X-3 西探1 克里摩里组 中—粗晶白云岩 0.710466 0.000005 X-4 西探1 克里摩里组 中—粗晶白云岩 0.710818 0.000005 X-5 西探1 克里摩里组 中—粗晶白云岩 0.710717 0.000005 -
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