河北兴隆国家地质公园溶洞的成因及时代探讨

张皓月; 姜群鸥; 张绪教; 王姗

doi:10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2024136

河北兴隆国家地质公园溶洞的成因及时代探讨

doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2024136

1.
北京林业大学水土保持学院，北京 100083
2.
中国地质大学（北京）地球科学与资源学院，北京 100083

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（42301094）；中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目（BLX202313）

详细信息

作者简介:
张皓月（1993—），女，博士，讲师，主要从事水文地质、第四纪地质研究。Email：zhanghy666@bjfu.edu.cn

通讯作者:
张绪教（1964—），男，博士，教授，主要从事第四纪地质与地貌研究。Email：zhangxj@cugb.edu.cn

中图分类号: P642.25；P596
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-12-10
- 修回日期: 2025-01-03
- 录用日期: 2025-01-20
- 预出版日期: 2025-01-23
- 刊出日期: 2025-04-27

The genesis and age of karst caves in Xinglong National Geopark, Hebei Province

1.
School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
2.
School of Earth Science and Resources, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China

Funds: This research is financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 42301094) and the Fundamental Research Fund for the Central Universities (Grant No. BLX202313).

摘要

摘要: 岩溶洞穴作为地球关键带的重要组成部分，兼具景观和科学研究价值。已有研究对与溶洞形成密切相关的构造报道较少，对溶洞形成时代的定量分析更是缺乏。文章基于河北省兴隆县陶家台洞穴形态特征、组成洞穴的地层产状和构造的详细调查，结合沉积物矿物X射线衍射和地球化学元素分析，对兴隆溶洞成因及时代开展了研究。组成溶洞的中元古代含燧石团块白云质灰岩中发育2条断层，溶洞自上而下顺断层倾向发育，属断裂构造形成的差异溶蚀型溶洞。洞穴中上部灌入的红土堆积与洞外风化壳残积红土的地球化学特征基本一致，且洞穴中发育有经地表水溶滤而富铁的红色钟乳石，表明洞穴内堆积的红土来源于洞外，溶洞形成时代应在红土形成之后。通过区域对比，地表残积红土为唐县期（3.1~3.7 Ma）夷平面的产物，说明溶洞形成时代应在上新世早期。文章提出了兴隆溶洞发育受控于断层的新认识，并较好地约束了其形成时代，可为其他区域岩溶地貌的成因及时代研究提供参考。
- 溶洞 /
- 构造 /
- 古土壤 /
- 地球化学 /
- 国家地质公园 /
- 兴隆县
Abstract: Objective Karst caves, as an essential part of the Earth's Critical Zone, hold significant scientific and scenic value. However, previous studies have largely overlooked the tectonic factors influencing cave formation, and quantitative constraints on the age of cave formation remain scarce. This study aims to investigate the genesis and chronology of the Xinglong Karst Cave in the Taojiatai area of Hebei Province, elucidating the controlling factors and temporal constraints of cave development. Methods A comprehensive investigation of cave morphology, stratigraphic attitude, and tectonic characteristics was conducted, supplemented by mineralogical analysis using X-ray diffraction and geochemical element analysis. The study analyzed the relationship between cave formation and fault activity, while the geochemical composition of red clay deposits inside the cave was compared with external weathering crusts to constrain the formation age of the cave. Results The cave developed within Middle Proterozoic dolomitic limestone containing flint nodules, influenced by two major faults that facilitated differential dissolution along fault planes. The red clay deposits inside the cave share geochemical characteristics with external weathering crusts, indicating an exogenous origin. The enrichment of iron in red stalactites suggests leaching from surface water, further confirming the post-weathering deposition of the red clay. Regional comparisons reveal that the residual red clay outside the cave corresponds to the Tangxian planation period (3.1–3.7 Ma), indicating that the cave must have formed after this period. Conclusion This study provides new insights into the fault-controlled genesis of the Xinglong Karst Cave and establishes a minimum formation age of 3.7 Ma, significantly younger than the Middle Proterozoic age of the host rock. The findings correct the previous misconception that the cave formed during the Proterozoic and highlight the crucial role of tectonic activity in cave development. [ Significance ] This research enhances our understanding of the tectonic control and chronological constraints of karst cave formation, providing valuable references for the study of karst landscapes in other regions.
- karst cave /
- tectonics /
- paleosoil /
- geochemistry /
- National Geopark /
- Xinglong County

HTML全文

图 1 兴隆溶洞位置与洞穴平面图

a— 河北省兴隆县地形；b—研究区溶洞周边地质概况（据兴隆县2000年地质图编绘）；c—洞穴特征

Figure 1. Location and plan of Xinglong Cave

(a) Topography of Xinglong County, Hebei Province; (b) Geological features of the area surrounding the cave (compiled from the 2000 geological map of Xinglong County); (c) Map with characteristics of the Xinglong Cave

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 兴隆溶洞内不同岩石的取样照片

a— 燧石团块；b—白云岩；c—灰岩；d—钟乳石

Figure 2. Photographs of different rocks sampled inside the Xinglong Cave

(a) Flint nodule; (b) Dolomite; (c) Limestone; (d) Stalactites

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 兴隆溶洞洞穴内外红土的取样照片

a—洞内灌入红土；b—洞内原生红土；c—洞外红土

Figure 3. Photographs of different red soils sampled inside and outside the Xinglong Cave

(a) Red soils poured inside the cave; (b) Native red soils inside the cave; (c) Weathering crusts outside the cave

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 兴隆溶洞内部的地貌特征

a—大厅中央崩塌的钟乳石；b—顶部的三角形支撑；c—灌入的红色古土壤；d—偏红色钟乳石

Figure 4. Geomorphological features in the Xinglong Cave

(a) Stalagmite collapsed in the center of the main hall; (b) Triangular supporting structure at the top; (c) Infilled red paleosoil; (d) Reddish stalactites

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 断层发育特征

a—断层破碎带；b—平直的断裂面；c—与岩层走向垂直的断裂面；d—沿断裂面发育的钟乳石；e—张性断裂；f—断层两侧的岩层厚度差异；g—高角度断层泥；h—豆腐块状岩石；a—d为第1条断层；e—h为第2条断层

Figure 5. Characteristics of the faults, including the first fault (a-d) and the second fault (e-h).

(a) Fault fracture zone; (b) Straight fracture surface; (c) Fracture surface perpendicular to the bedding orientation; (d) Stalactites developed along a fracture; (e) Tensional fault; (f) Thickness difference of rock layers on both sides of the fault; (g) High-angle fault gouge; (h) Blocky rock

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 兴隆溶洞内外红土以及洞内赭土的主量元素地球化学特征

Figure 6. Major element characteristics of red soils inside and outside Xinglong Cave and the ochre soil in the cave

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 兴隆溶洞岩石的矿物X射线衍射结果（%）

Table 1. Mineral X-ray diffraction results of rocks in the Xinglong Cave (%)

采样编号	RD-D-01	RD-D-02	RD-D-03	RD-D-04
样品属性	燧石团块	白云岩	灰岩	钟乳石
方解石	2	1	46	91
白云石	4	97	19	2
石英	92	2	33	4
其他矿物	2	0	2	3

下载: 导出CSV

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