Structural analysis and ore-controlling model of the Xiaohe lead-zinc deposit in ore-concentrated area, northeastern Yunnan, China
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摘要: 小河铅锌矿是滇东北铅锌矿集区内少数几个由北西向主断裂控制的典型铅锌矿床之一，矿化蚀变的空间展布严格受构造控制。为查明其区内构造对矿化蚀变的控制作用特征，通过不同中段大比例尺构造-蚀变岩相学填图，对不同方向构造进行筛分，并对不同中段不同矿(化)体特征和蚀变特征开展了系统的剖析，结果表明：小河铅锌矿床矿化蚀变的岩石组成、类型及结构等相对简单，围岩蚀变以热液白云石化、方解石化、硅化和黄铁矿化为主；矿化主要为闪锌矿化、方铅矿化；该区构造组合形迹反映矿区内存在6期构造体系，分别为加里东期-海西期、印支早-中期、印支晚期-燕山早期、燕山中期、燕山晚期和喜马拉雅期；印支晚期-燕山早期成矿流体沿区内北西向张性-张扭性构造发生大规模运移，在断裂上盘及与之配套的次级断裂、构造破碎带、节理裂隙等构造有利部位成矿，并依次形成以断裂为中心且平面上呈带状展布的矿化蚀变分带：矿化边缘带(Ⅰ)→矿化过渡带(Ⅱ)→矿化中心带(Ⅲ)。最终建立了小河铅锌矿床构造控矿模式。研究成果对同类矿床及川滇黔接壤区的找矿预测具有重要指导意义。Abstract: The Xiaohe lead-zinc deposit is one of the few typical lead-zinc deposits controlled by NW-trending major faults in the ore-concentrated area in northeastern Yunnan,China. The spatial distribution of mineralization and alteration is strictly controlled by structures. In order to ascertain the characteristics of the controlling effect of the structures on mineralization and alteration in this area,the large-scale tectonic-altered lithofacies mapping method in different level adits is adopted. The faults in different directions were screened and the characteristics of different mineralization and alteration in different level adits were systematically analyzed. The results show that:the composition,type and structure of mineralization and alteration of the Xiaohe lead-zinc deposit are relatively simple. Wall rock alteration is dominated by hydrothermal dolomitization,calcilization,silicification and pyritization. The mineralization mainly occurs to sphalerite and galena. Tectonic assemblages reflect the existence of a 6-phase tectonic system in the mining area:Caledonian-Haixi period,Early-Mid-Indosinian period,Late-Indosinian period to Early-Yanshan period,Middle Yanshan period,Late Yanshan period and Himalayan period. Large scale migration of ore-forming fluid occurred along the NW direction of tensile or torsional faults in the late Late-Indosinian and Early-Yanshan. Meneralization occurs in favorable structural parts such as the upper wall of the faults and its supporting secondary faults,structural fracture zones,joint fractures,etc. The mineralization-alteration zone was formed with the fault as the center and was distributed with zone. The sequence is mineralized marginal zone (Ⅰ),mineralized transition zone (Ⅱ) to mineralized central zone (Ⅲ). Finally,the structure-controlling model of the Xiaohe lead-zinc deposit was established. This understanding has important guiding significance for the prospecting prediction of similar deposits and the border area between Sichuan,Yunnan and Guizhou province.
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图 1 滇东北小河铅锌矿区地质简图
1-下二叠统栖霞茅口组；2-下二叠统梁山组；3-中泥盆统曲靖组；4-中泥盆统红石崖组；5-上奥陶统缩头山组；6-中奥陶统上巧家组；7-下奥陶统红石崖组；8-上寒武统龙头山组；9-中寒武统西王庙组；10-中寒武统陡坡寺组；11-下寒武统龙王庙组；12-下寒武统沧浪铺组；13-下寒武统筇竹寺组；14-上震旦统灯影组；15-逆断层；16-正断层；17-背斜；18-地质界线；19-矿体及编号；20-地层产状；21-大型铅锌矿床；22-中小型铅锌矿床；23-大型银矿床；24-市县；25-研究区a-区域构造和矿集区位置(据韩润生等，2014修改)；b-小河铅锌矿区地质简况(据云南省煤田地质局昆明工程勘察公司，2010修改)
Figure 1. Geological sketch map of the Xiaohe Pb-Zn deposit
图 2 不同成矿阶段的闪锌矿与方铅矿结构构造及产状
P-黄铁矿；D-白云石；S-闪锌矿；G-方铅矿a-S1闪锌矿与G1方铅矿；b-块状S2闪锌矿与G2方铅矿；c-浸染状S1闪锌矿与G1方铅矿；d-D3白云石包裹S1闪锌矿和G1方铅矿；e-块状S2闪锌矿与G2方铅矿；f-脉状S2闪锌矿；g-浸染状方铅矿G2；h-D3脉状白云石包裹浸染状G2方铅矿；i-近断裂呈浸染状分布的方铅矿G2
Figure 2. Textures and occurrences of sphalerite and galena in different metallogenic stages
图 3 不同成矿阶段的黄铁矿结构构造及产状
P-黄铁矿；D-白云石a-围岩内发育浸染状黄铁矿P1；b-围岩中的浸染状黄铁矿P2；c-细脉状白云岩D1和浸染状黄铁矿P2；d, e-D3热液白云岩及块状黄铁矿P3；f-P3块状黄铁矿；g, h-透镜状黄铁矿；i-脉状白云岩D4穿插接触黄铁矿P4
Figure 3. Textures and occurrences of pyrite in different metallogenic stages
图 4 不同成矿阶段的白云石、方解石结构构造及产状
S-闪锌矿；P-黄铁矿；D-白云石；C-方解石a-细脉状白云石D1；b-D2呈细网脉状，内可见P2浸染状黄铁矿；c-D3脉状白云石中发育粒状黄铁矿P4和闪锌矿S1；d-团斑状白云石D4；e-方解石C1穿插接触D4白云岩；f-C1方解石包裹白云岩角砾及P3黄铁矿；g-i-浅灰白色白云岩中呈透明-半透明方解石C2
Figure 4. Textures and occurrences of dolomite and calcite in different metallogenic stages
图 5 不同成矿阶段的石英结构构造及产状
Q-石英；S-闪锌矿；D-白云石a-白云石-石英呈自形粒状结构(+)；b-梳状构造石英Q1与D2共生(+)；c-斑团状石英Q2和D2白云石共生(-)；d-S1闪锌矿溶蚀它形粒状石英Q1(+)；e-S1闪锌矿、D3白云石和Q2石英穿切白云岩(+)；f-h-脉状石英Q2穿切白云岩(+)；i-脉状石英Q2产与断裂带中(+)；(+)-正交偏光；(-)-单偏光
Figure 5. Textures and occurrences of quartz in different metallogenic stages
图 6 小河铅锌矿蚀变分带模式图
a-老伙房6号坑991中段；b-炉房沟2号坑2中段
Figure 6. Alteration zoning patterns of the Xiaohe Pb-Zn deposit
图 7 小河铅锌矿床6号和2号坑道编录图
a-老伙房6号坑991中段1号穿脉: b-炉房沟2号坑2中段6号穿脉: c-炉房沟2号坑2中段2号穿脉; 图中产状表示方法为:走向 < 倾角倾向(以下类同)
Figure 7. Geolograph chart of the No.6 and No.2 adits in the Xiaohe Pb-Zn deposit
图 8 小河铅锌矿床F9断裂剖面素描及断裂吴氏网下半球投影图
①-灰黑色-深灰色硅化细晶白云岩；②-灰-浅灰色硅质白云岩角砾，棱角分明，被泥质、土质胶结；③-灰黑色方解石化细晶硅质碎裂白云岩；④-断裂带内发育黄褐色断层泥及灰绿色-浅灰色白云质碎粉岩；⑤-浅灰色白云石化硅质碎裂-碎粒岩；⑥-浅灰色白云石化碎粒-斑岩；σ1-压应力；σ2-剪应力；σ3-张应力
Figure 8. Profile sketch and the lower hemisphere Wulff projection of the fault F9 in the Xiaohe Pb-Zn deposit
图 9 小河铅锌矿床近南北向断裂素描及力学性质分析图
Py-黄铁矿；Gn-方铅矿；Sp-闪锌矿a-F4断裂素描图及照片：①-灰色白云质碎裂岩；②-白云质构造角砾岩，被灰色、黄褐色泥质物胶结；③-黄褐色构造角砾岩；④-第四系堆积物b-f5与f6断裂素描图及照片：①-灰黑色细晶白云岩，具黄铁矿化、铅锌矿化；②-片理化带; σ1-压应力；σ2-剪应力；σ3-张应力
Figure 9. Profile sketch mapping and mechanical properties analysis of the near SN-trending faults in the Xiaohe Pb-Zn deposit
图 10 小河矿段XH-22点断裂素描及力学性质分析图
①-灰白色硅化粉晶白云岩；②-灰-灰黑色细晶白云岩；Py-黄铁矿化；Cc-方解石化；σ1-压应力；σ2-剪应力；σ3-张应力
Figure 10. Sketch of the fault at the point XH-22 in the Xiaohe section and the diagrams of its mechanical properties
图 11 小河铅锌矿床构造体系及其演化图解(据崔俊豪等，2018修改)
1-压性断层；2-张性断层；3-扭性断层；4-压扭性断层；5-扭压性断层；6-张扭性断层；7-褶皱
Figure 11. Plots showing the tectonic system and evolution of the Xiaohe Pb-Zn deposit (modified after Cui et al, 2018)
表 1 小河铅锌矿床成矿阶段划分及矿物生成顺序
Table 1. Paragenetic sequence of minerals in the Xiaohe Pb-Zn deposit
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