Fundamental problems and prospects in the study of deposition dynamics of viscous debris flow in the gully-river junction
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摘要: 粘性泥石流入汇主河极大地改变了入汇区的河床堆积地貌，其动力学实质是非牛顿流体与牛顿流体的交互作用，合理描述粘性泥石流入汇区河床堆积动力过程对于划定粘性泥石流风险区范围和认知流域地貌演化具有重大意义。粘性泥石流入汇区河床堆积体时空演化过程有别于粘性泥石流在地表的纯堆积过程，通过回顾国内外学者在泥石流入汇区堆积动力学方面的研究成果，可以发现在粘性泥石流入汇区内堆积现象复杂，存在"阵性"输移、"元堆积"和龙头"水滑"等特殊现象。但目前的研究对泥石流和水流交互机制都进行了简化，一是将粘性泥石流视为挟沙水流，直接采用异重流方法；二是将粘性泥石流视为"半固态"，只考虑水流的输沙特征，研究认为基于这样的简化不足以描述粘性泥石流入汇的物理过程和特殊现象，也低估了粘性泥石流交汇区冲击速度和堆积范围。同时，根据粘性泥石流入汇区河床堆积动力过程的研究现状，结合粘性泥石流入汇的特殊运动过程，提出未来可开展的工作：一是粘性泥石流入汇的物理过程和其交互机制的合理简化；二是普适性高的粘性泥石流-水流堆积动力学模型的建立。Abstract: Viscous debris-flow deposits in the junction with mainstream channel may greatly change the morphology, and the dynamics relies on the interaction between the Newtonian fluid and non-Newtonian fluid. The deposition under water differs much from that on the surface, and properly describing the subaqueous process is significant for zoning the danger area and understanding the river evolution. This review provides a comprehensive survey of studies on subaqueous deposition of debris flows and puts forward some questions for the future. We found several new phenomena during the deposition under water, such as the intermittent transport, the "unitary" deposit due to separate surges, and the "water slip" of the surge front, which have been long ignored in previous studies. The existing studies are all based on oversimplification of the water-flow interaction, which considers debris flow as sediment-load flow and adopts the method of density flow, or treats debris flow as a semi-solid state and takes into account only the sediment transport by water flow. Such paradigms do not match the complexity of the real processes and usually underestimate the deposition scale. Then we suggest that further studies, based on the special phenomena, should be emphasized on 1) finding a new framework of the water-flow interaction in the junction, and 2) establishing a new model for debris-flow deposition under water.
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Key words:
- viscous debris flow /
- confluence /
- cross-coupling /
- accumulation /
- dynamical process
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图 1 野外观测云南东川蒋家沟阵流铺床过程（刘晶晶和李泳，2016）
Figure 1. Paving process in field observation (Photo was taken in Jiangjiagou, Dongchuan, Yunnan; Liu and Li, 2016)
图 2 灯盏窝泥石流阵性堆积堰塞体（没有经过人工扰动的堰塞坝，拍摄于2009.6.7）
Figure 2. Dengzhanwo debris-flow dam (It was a landslide dam without artificial disturbance, and the photo was taken on June 7, 2009)
图 3 Mohrig实验中的水滑现象（Mohrig et al., 1998）
Figure 3. Phenomenon of "water slip" in the Mohrig's experiment (Mohrig et al., 1998)
表 1 基于统计建立的泥石流入汇堵河判断公式
Table 1. Formula of debris flow blocking in river by the statistical-based method
泥石流入汇堵河判断公式 文献出处 公式编号 ${C_{\rm{M}}} = {\rm{ln}}{M_{\rm{R}}} - 1.189{(1 - {\rm{cos}}\theta )^2} - \frac{{3.677{\gamma _{\rm{B}}}}}{{{\gamma _{\rm{M}}}}} \le - 12.132$ 崔鹏等(2006) (1) ${C_{\rm{F}}} = \ln {F_{\rm{R}}} - 0.883{(1 - {\rm{cos}}\theta )^2} - \frac{{2.587{\gamma _{\rm{B}}}}}{{{\gamma _{\rm{M}}}}} \le - 8.572 $ (2) $R = \frac{{P{Q_{\rm{n}}}{J_{\rm{n}}}}}{{{K_{\rm{z}}}{Q_{\rm{z}}}{J_{\rm{z}}}}} $ 张金山和谢洪(2008) (3) $ C = {\left( {r/\tan \varphi } \right)^2}{\left[ {\tau /\left( {\rho gw} \right)} \right]^{1/3}}\tan \left( {\frac{D}{2}} \right) \ge 0.87$ 党超等(2009) (4) $C = \left( {{\gamma _{\rm{_S}}}qv} \right)\sin \alpha /\left( {{\gamma _{\rm{w}}}Qu} \right) \cdot {V_{\rm{s}}}/{V_0} $ 陈春光等(2013) (5) $ D = \frac{{{Q_{\rm{n}}}{J_{\rm{n}}}{r_{\rm{n}}}{\beta _{\rm{n}}}}}{{{K_z}{Q_z}{J_z}}}{\rm{ > }}6$ 刘文锐和周志远(2015) (6) 注：公式(1)、(2)中：CM、CF—泥石流堵塞主河的动量和流量；MR、FR—主、支槽的单宽动量比、单宽流量比；γM、γB—主槽水流、支槽泥石流的密度；θ—主支槽夹角。公式(3)中：R—泥石流堵塞度，即泥石流堵断主河可能性；P—泥石流暴发频率；Qn、Jn—泥石流流量、沟道比降；Kz、Qz、Jz—主河宽度、流量、比降。公式(4)中：C—泥石流堵河临界值，当C≥0.87时，堵河；r—泥石流与主河流量比；τ/(ρgw)—为泥石流体的抗冲强度和主河宽度综合参数，其中，w为主河宽度；tanφ—主河比降；tan(D/2)—泥石流与主河交汇角。公式(5)中：C—泥石流堵河判定综合因子；γs、q、v—泥石流容重、流量、平均流速；γw、Q、u—水流容重、流量、平均流速；γsqvsinα/(γwQu)—支主沟动量比；V0=b×B×H，b为泥石流沟宽；B为主河宽；H为主河水深；Vs—泥石流入汇体积；α—入汇角。公式(6)中：D—泥石流堵塞程度；Qn、Jn、rn—泥石流流量、沟道比降、容重；Kz、Qz、Jz—主河宽度、流量、比降；β—泥石流沟与主河夹角 
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