Discussion on the latest surface ruptures near the Zhonggu village along the Selaha segment of the Xianshuihe fault zone
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摘要:
鲜水河断裂带色拉哈段是2014年康定MS6.3地震的发震断裂段, 其最新一次地表破裂事件(1725年康定7级地震)的离逝时间较长, 是最可能发生7级以上地表破裂型大震的危险地段之一。获得色拉哈段最新地震地表破裂的展布范围对确定断裂带的地震活动历史、评估断裂带的未来地震危险性以及防震减灾具有重要意义。然而, 迄今色拉哈段最新地表破裂的北西端位置仍存有较大争议。对此, 在以往资料认为没有同震地表破裂的中谷村一带开挖了探槽组, 获得了这一带的破裂历史, 其最新一次事件(E6)的限定年代为A.D.746±51之后。综合探槽剖面证据和附近的断错地貌特征以及历史地震资料, 探槽揭露的最新事件E6可能对应1725年康定7级地震, 色拉哈段的地表破裂北西端至少已延伸到中谷村一带。
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关键词:
- 鲜水河断裂带 /
- 色拉哈段 /
- 地震地表破裂 /
- 探槽 /
- 2014年康定6.3级地震
Abstract:The Selaha segment of the Xianshuihe fault zone was the seismogenic fault of the 2014 Kangding MS 6.3 earthquake. This segment has been considered as one of the most dangerous areas for surface rupture-induced earthquakes with a magnitude of M≥7 due to the long elapsed time of the latest surface rupture event (the 1725 Kangding MS7.0 earthquake). Obtaining the spatial distribution of the latest seismic surface rupture along the Selaha fault is significant for determining the seismic activity history, assessing the seismic potential, and preventing and mitigating disasters. However, there is still considerable controversy about the extension northwestern of the latest surface rupture. In order to solve this problem, we excavated two large paleoseismic trenches in the Zhonggu village where the previous data believed that there was no coseismic surface rupture, and obtained the rupture history of this region. The latest event (E6) occurred after A.D.746±51. Based on the trench profile evidence, geomorphological features, and historical earthquake records, the latest event E6 is associated with the 1725 Kangding MS7.0 earthquake, indicating that the surface rupture of the event E6 has extended to at least the Zhonggu village.
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图 1 鲜水河断裂带活动构造简图
WKLF—西昆仑断裂；ATF—阿尔金断裂；HF—海原断裂；KLF—昆仑断裂；KKF—喀喇昆仑断裂；JLF—嘉黎断裂；GYF—甘孜-玉树断裂；XF—鲜水河断裂；LMSF—龙门山断裂；HFTF—喜马拉雅前缘逆冲断裂；SF—实皆断裂；RRF—红河断裂；QLF—秦岭断裂；①—1997年玛尼MS7.9地震；②—2001年昆仑MS8.1地震；③—2008年于田MS7.3地震；④—2008年汶川MS8.0地震；⑤—2010年玉树MS7.1地震；⑥—2013年芦山MS7.0地震；⑦—2014年于田MS7.3地震；⑧—2017年九寨沟MS7.0地震；⑨—2021年玛多MS7.4地震
a—巴颜喀拉块体周缘主要活动断裂及近年来主要强震(M ≥ 7)分布(据Tapponnier et al., 2001；邓起东等，2003；潘家伟等，2021修改)；b—鲜水河断裂带几何展布及沿线主要强震分布Figure 1. Sketch map showing the active tectonics in the Xianshuihe fault zone
(a) Distribution of major active faults and large earthquakes (M≥7) surrounding the Bayan Har block in recent years (modified from Tapponnier et al., 2001; Deng et al., 2003; Pan et al., 2021); (b) Geometric distribution of the Xianshuihe fault zone and distribution of major strong earthquakes along it
WKLF-West Kunlun fault; ATF-Altyn Tagh fault; HF-Haiyuan fault; KLF-Kunlun fault; KKF-Karakorum fault; JLF-Jiali fault; GYF-Ganzi-Yushu fault; XF-Xianshuihe fault; LMSF-Longmenshan fault; HFTF-Himalayan frontal thrust fault; SF-Sagaing fault; RRF-Red river fault; QLF-Qinling fault; ①-1997 Mani MS7.9 earthquake; ②-2001 Kunlun MS8.1 earthquake; ③-2008 Yutian MS7.3 earthquake; ④-2008 Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake; ⑤-2010 Yushu MS7.1 earthquake; ⑥-2013 Lushan MS7.0 earthquake; ⑦-2014 Yutian MS7.3 earthquake; ⑧-2017 Jiuzhaigou MS7.0 earthquake; ⑨-2021 Maduo MS7.4 earthquake
图 2 色拉哈段几何结构及中谷一带地震地表破裂分布
a—色拉哈段及邻区主要断层几何展布图，底图为山体阴影，紫色圆圈和粉色椭圆分别指示2014年康定MS6.3地震的余震分布(胡朝忠等，2015)和极震区(中国地震局，http://www.cea.gov.cn)，Ⅷ为极震区地震烈度；b—中谷一带断层形迹，底图为Google Earth影像；c—断层槽谷及地震裂缝；d—地表破裂
Figure 2. Geometry of the Selaha fault and the distribution of seismic surface ruptures near the Zhonggu village
(a) Geometry distribution of the Selaha fault and major faults in the adjacent region, with hillshade map in the background. The purple circle and the pink oval are the aftershocks (Hu et al., 2015) and the seismic area (China Earthquake Administration, http://www.cea.gov.cn) of the Kangding MS6.3 earthquake, respectively. Ⅷ is the seismic intensity of the seismic area; (b) Fault traces near the Zhonggu village with Google Earth satellite image in the background; (c) Fault trough and seismic crack; (d) Surface rupture
图 3 中谷探槽附近的断错地貌及探槽位置
a—中谷探槽及毗邻位置地形地貌，背景为无人机航拍获得的DEM图，红色线条为断层形迹，黄色小矩形框为探槽位置，黄色线条为地形剖面(P1、P2)；b—中谷探槽及胡朝忠等(2015)探槽点处断错地貌与开挖后照片，红色箭头指向断层陡坎；c、d—地形剖面
Figure 3. Offset landforms near the Zhonggu trenches and the setting of the trenches
(a) Topography and landforms of the Zhonggu trenches and the adjacent region. The hillshade map is generated from an unmanned aerial vehicle-based digital elevation model; The red line represents the fault trace; The yellow rectangles and lines represent the trenches sites and topographic profiles (P1, P2), respectively; (b) Photo showing the offset landforms and the trenches in the Zhonggu site and the trench by Hu et al., 2015. The red arrows represent the fault scarps; (c and d) Topographic profiles across the fault scarps and trenches
图 4 探槽ZG1北壁拼接图及剖面解译图
1—砾石；2—地层界线及单元；3—断层；4—推测断层；5—裂缝；6—构造楔
a—探槽ZG1北壁拼接图；b—剖面解译图Figure 4. Photomosaic and interpretation map of the northern wall of the trench ZG1
(a) Photomosaic; (b) Interpretation map
1-Gravel; 2-Stratigraphic boundary and unit; 3-Fault; 4-Inferred fault; 5-Crack; 6-Structural wedge
图 5 探槽ZG1南壁拼接图及剖面解译图
1—砾石；2—地层界线及单元；3—断层；4—推测断层；5—裂缝；6—样品位置及年龄；7—构造楔
a—探槽ZG1南壁拼接图；b—剖面解译图Figure 5. Photomosaic and interpretation map of the southern wall of the trench ZG1
(a) Photomosaic; (b) Interpretation map
1-Gravel; 2-Stratigraphic boundary and unit; 3-Fault; 4-Inferred fault; 5-Crack; 6-Sample location and age; 7-Structural wedge
图 6 探槽ZG2北壁拼接图及剖面解译图
1—砾石；2—地层界线及单元；3—断层；4—裂缝；5—样品位置及年龄
a—探槽ZG2北壁拼接图；b—剖面解译图Figure 6. Photomosaic and interpretation map of the northern wall of the trench ZG2
(a) Photomosaic; (b) Interpretation map
1-Gravel; 2-Stratigraphic boundary and unit; 3-Fault; 4-Crack; 5-Sample location and age
图 7 探槽ZG2南壁拼接图及剖面解译图
1—砾石；2—地层界线及单元；3—断层；4—推测断层；5—裂缝；6—构造楔
a—探槽ZG2南壁拼接图；b—剖面解译图Figure 7. Photomosaic and interpretation map of the southern wall of trench ZG2
(a) Photomosaic; (b) Interpretation map
1-Gravel; 2-Stratigraphic boundary and unit; 3-Fault; 4-Inferred fault; 5-Crack; 6-Structural wedge
图 8 道孚中谷探槽剖面揭露的色拉哈段最新活动迹象
红色箭头指示断面或地震裂缝断错至地表
a—探槽ZG1北壁；b—探槽ZG1南壁；c—探槽ZG2北壁；d—探槽ZG2南壁Figure 8. Latest signs of activities in the Selaha segment revealed by the Zhonggu trench profiles
(a) The northern wall of the trench ZG1; (b) The southern wall of the trench ZG1; (c) The northern wall of the trench ZG2; (d) The southern wall of trench ZG2. Red arrows represent the fault planes or cracks that faulted to the surface
表 1 中谷探槽揭露的地层及其描述
Table 1. Units exposed by the Zhonggu trenches and their characteristics
地层编号 地层描述 U0 半风化基岩，上部呈褐棕—棕黄色(U0b)，下部呈棕灰—棕灰绿色(U0a) U1 棕褐色砾块层，砾块磨圆度以棱角状—次棱角状为主，为风化—半风化粉砂质板岩的近源堆积 U2 青灰色略带灰绿色砂砾层，砾石磨圆较好，有一定分选，砾径以2~7 cm为主，为冰水堆积成因 U3 浅黄色含黏土粉砂层，底部含砾石，砾石有一定磨圆，略有分选，砾径约为2~5 cm，推测为冰水堆积夹杂近源堆积成因 U4 青灰色略带灰绿色砂砾层夹粉砂层，磨圆较好，具一定层理，应为冰水沉积成因 U5 中上部(U5b)为深褐—黝黑色砂质-粉砂质黏土层，局部堆积灰—深灰色砂黏土及浅褐黄色砂层，含砾石和植物根系，砾石磨圆差，有一定分选；底部(U5a)为沿局部洼坑堆积的灰白色或褐黄色砂砾层，砾石磨圆和分选差，砾径约为5~20 cm，仅在ZG1探槽中局部发育 U6 上部(U6b)为表层深褐色砂土，含较多植物根系；下部(U6a)为灰色—棕褐色砂土、黑土团块混杂堆积，底部含砾块 
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表 2 中谷探槽U6地层中放射性碳样品测试结果及其年代校正
Table 2. Radiocarbon ages and calibrated calendar ages of the samples in the U6 strata from the Zhonggu trenches
样品编号 测试材料 采样壁 测试年龄
(a B.P.)校正年龄 ZG1-C7 碳屑 ZG1南壁 1260±30 A.D.746±51 ZG2-C17 碳屑 ZG2北壁 8760±50 7817±122 B.C. ZG2-C18 半腐烂草屑 ZG2北壁 2400±30 494±84 B.C. 注：所有样品测年结果均由BETA实验室利用加速器质谱仪(AMS)测试完成
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