Characteristics and geological significance of the palynological assemblages of the Qingshuiying Formation in the Beilianchi section, northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau
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摘要:
青藏高原隆升是新生代最重要的地质事件之一，对邻区乃至全球的气候变化都产生了深远的影响，已有学者研究认为该期隆升与气候冷暖变化之间具有较好的耦合关系。北联池剖面在区域构造位置上隶属于青藏高原东北缘弧形构造带后缘六盘山以西，古近系清水营组主要为一套紫红色泥岩夹薄层石膏层为主的浅湖相沉积，蕴含了丰富的古环境和古气候信息。文章系统研究了剖面的孢粉组合特征，共鉴定出孢粉类型60属65种及若干未定种，其孢粉组合特征中被子植物花粉占绝对优势，裸子植物花粉和蕨类植物孢子含量很少。结合现有区域孢粉的研究成果，综合分析认为清水营组沉积的地质时代属于中晚渐新世—中新世早期。孢粉植物群以桦木科、胡桃科和榆科等落叶阔叶植物为主，组合中还出现了数量不多但种类繁多的热带—亚热带植物的花粉，而典型干旱的灌木和草本植物分子含量少，总体上反映了暖温带较温和湿润的古环境古气候背景。孢粉组合中几乎不见耐寒山地针叶植物花粉的出现，说明该时期区域气候环境尚未发生由暖转冷的重大变化，青藏高原向东北方向的隆升扩展尚未影响到六盘山地区。研究成果为约束青藏高原东北缘清水营组的沉积时代以及青藏高原隆升过程对区域古生态古气候的影响提供新的证据。
Abstract:The uplift of the Tibetan Plateau is one of the most important geological events in the Cenozoic era, which has had a far-reaching impact on climate change in neighboring regions and even the world. Scholars have already considered that the uplift of this period has a good coupling with the warm and cold climate changes. The Beilianchi section is west of Liupan Mountain, the back edge of the arcuate tectonic belt on the northeast margin of the Tibetan Plateau. The Paleocene Qingshuiying Formation is mainly a set of shallow lacustrine deposits dominated by purple-red mudstone with thin gypsum layers containing rich paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic information. The article systematically studied the palynological assemblage of the Beilianchi section and identified 60 genera and 65 species of sporopollen types as well as several undetermined species. The assemblage is characterized by dominant angiosperm pollen grains and rare gymnosperm pollen and fern spores. Based on the existing research results of regional sporopollen, the geologic age of the Qingshuiying Formation is believed to be the middle-late Oligocene–early Miocene. The sporopollen flora is dominated by deciduous broad-leaved plants such as Betulaceae, Juglandaceae, and Ulmaceae, and pollens from a few but diverse tropical-subtropical plants also occur in the assemblage. In contrast, the pollen content of typical arid shrubs and herbaceous plants is small, generally reflecting the warm-temperate zone's milder and wetter paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic background. The absence of pollen from cold-tolerant mountain conifers in the palynological assemblage indicates that the regional climatic environment had not yet changed from warm to cold during this period and that the uplift and expansion of the Tibetan Plateau to the northeast had not yet affected the Liupanshan area. The results of this study provide new evidence to constrain the depositional age of the Qingshuiying Formation on the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and the impact of the uplift process of the Tibetan Plateau on the paleoecology and paleoclimate of the region.
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图 1 青藏高原东北缘弧形构造带区域地质简图
Figure 1. Regional geologic map of the arcuate tectonic belt on the northeastern margin of the Tibet Plateau
图 2 青藏高原东北缘北联池剖面清水营组剖面柱状图
Figure 2. Histogram of the Qingshuiying Formation of the Beilianchi section, northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau
图 3 青藏高原东北缘北联池剖面清水营组蕨类、裸子和被子植物主要孢粉类型
1—三角孢；2—莱蕨孢；3—水龙骨单缝孢；4—凤尾蕨孢；5—环圈克拉梭粉；6—苏铁粉；7—小银杏粉；8—槭粉；9—拟桦粉；10—褶皱肋桦粉；11—普通蒿粉；12—圆形枥粉；13—四孔枥粉；14—短三沟粉；15—纤细拟菊苣粉；16—小孔栗粉；17—小孔藜粉；18—多坑藜粉；19—小十字花粉；20—西里拉粉；21—胡颓子粉；22—小黄杞粉；23—双束松粉；24—许里兹莎草粉；25—平凡山毛榉粉；26—华美高腾粉
Figure 3. Photomicrographs of selected spore-pollen from the Qingshuiying Formation in the Beilianchi section, northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau
(1) Deltoidospora sp.; (2) Leptolepidites sp.; (3) Polypodiaceaesporites sp.; (4) Pterisisporites sp.; (5) Classopollis annulatus; (6) Cycadopites cycadoides; (7) Ginkgoretectina minor; (8) Aceripollenites sp.; (9) Betulaceoipollenites bituitus; (10) Betulaepollenites plicoides; (11) Artemisiaepollenites communis; (12) Carpinipites orbicularis; (13) Carpinipites tetraporus; (14) Brecolpites sp.; (15) Cichorieacidites gracilis; (16) Cupuliferoipollenites minitrimatus; (17) Chenopodipollis microporatus; (18) Chenopodipollis multiplex; (19) Cruciferaeipites minor; (20) Cyrillaceaepollenites megaexactus; (21) Elaeangnacites sp.; (22) Engelhardtioidites levis; (23) Pinuspollenites sp.; (24) Cyperaceaepolliss cholitzensis; (25) Faguspollenites mediocris; (26) Gothanipollis elegans
图 4 青藏高原东北缘北联池剖面清水营组被子植物主要孢粉类型
1—卵形梣粉；2—纤弱禾本粉；3—唇形三沟粉；4—圆形胡桃粉；5—大型禾本粉；6—真胡桃粉; 7—圆楝粉；8—三射莫米粉；9—拟榛莫米粉；10—薄极莫米粉；11—菱形南岭粉；12—桑粉；13—极面紫树粉；14—异常桤木粉；15—混合紫树粉；16—海龙井毛茛粉；17—坡氏粉；18—致密栎粉(比较种)；19—小亨氏栎粉；20—青海粉；21—柴达木漆树粉；22—细波无患子粉；23—平常毛茛粉；24—芸香粉；25—锦致柳粉；26—假孔柳粉；27—扁圆芸香粉；28—椴粉；29—微刺管花菊粉；30—圆形榆粉；31—刺榆型脊榆粉；32—三肋脊榆粉；33、34—小拟伞形粉
Figure 4. Photomicrographs of selected spore-pollen from the Qingshuiying Formation in the Beilianchi section, northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau
(1) Fraxinoipollenites ovatus; (2) Graminidites gracilis; (3) Labitricolpites stenosus; (4) Juglanspollenite srotundus; (5) Graminidites major; (6) Juglanspollenites verus; (7) Meliaceoidites orbicularis; (8) Momipites triradiatus; (9) Momipites coryloides; (10) Momipites tenuipolus; (11) Nanlingpollis rhombiformis; (12) Moraceoipollenites sp.; (13) Nyssapollenites pseudolaesus; (14) Paraalnipollenites sp.; (15) Nyssapollenites commixtus; (16) Ranunculacidites hailongjingensis; (17) Pokrovskajaoriginalis; (18) Quercoidites cf. densus; (19) Quercoidites microhenrici; (20) Qinghaipollis elegans; (21) Rhoipites qaidamensis; (22) Sapindaceidites microrugosus; (23) Ranunculacidites vulgaris; (24) Rutaceoipollis sp.; (25) Salixipollenites elegans; (26) Salixipollenites pseudoporites; (27) Rutaceoipollenites oblatus; (28) Tiliaepollenites sp.; (29) Tubulifloridites inispinulosus; (30) Ulmipollenites rotundatus; (31) Ulmoideipites planeraeformis; (32) Ulmoideipites tricostatus; (33 and 34) Umbelliferaepites minutus
图 5 青藏高原东北缘北联池剖面清水营组被子植物主要孢粉类型百分比图谱
Figure 5. Selected sporopollen percentage diagram from the Qingshuiying Formation of the Beilianchi section, northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau
表 1 青藏高原东北缘北联池剖面清水营组孢粉统计表
Table 1. Statistics of sporopollens from the Qingshuiying Formation of the Beilianchi section, northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau
孢粉属种 中文名称 亲缘关系 不同样品的孢粉含量/% LBF-74 LBF-75 LBF-76 LBF-78 LBF-79 LBF-105 LBF-106 LBF-110 LBF-111 蕨类植物孢子 3.8 0.8 0.9 1.1 Deltoidospora sp. 三角孢 ？ 0.9 0.8 Lygodioisporites sp. 瘤面海金沙孢 海金沙科 0.9 Polypodiaceaesporites sp. 水龙骨单缝孢 水龙骨科 1.9 0.9 1.1 裸子植物花粉 1.9 0.3 1.6 0.9 0.8 1.8 0.6 1.2 Classopollisannulatus 环圈克拉梭粉 希默杉亚科 0.0 0.9 Cycadopitescycadoides 苏铁粉 苏铁科 0.2 Ginkgoretectina minor 小银杏粉 银杏科 0.2 Keteleeriaepollenites sp. 油杉粉 油杉属 0.2 Pinuspollenites sp. 双束松粉 松属 1.9 0.3 1.6 0.8 1.8 0.6 0.5 被子植物花粉 96.8 99.7 98.4 97.1 95.3 98.4 97.3 96.6 98.3 Aceripollenites sp. 槭粉 槭树科 0.2 Alnipollenitesmetaplasmus 变形桤木粉 桦木科 0.3 Artemisiaepollenites communis 普通蒿粉 菊科蒿属 17.2 15.1 10.6 15.7 20.8 12.3 22.7 19.0 26.9 Betulaceoipollenitesbituitus 拟桦粉 桦木科 3.2 1.2 2.0 2.8 2.5 2.7 4.6 5.8 B. prominens 显环桦粉 桦木科 0.3 0.8 Betulaepollenitesclaripites 明亮肋桦粉 桦木科 1.5 0.8 0.6 B. microrugusus 微隆肋桦粉 桦木科 0.9 0.8 2.9 B. plicoides 褶皱肋桦粉 桦木科 2.0 1.2 Brevitricolpites sp. 短三沟粉 ？ 0.3 Carpinipites orbicularis 圆形枥粉 桦木科 18.5 24.1 44.7 7.8 10.4 13.9 10.0 8.6 6.7 C. spackmanii 斯氏枥粉 桦木科 0.3 2.8 0.0 2.3 C. tetraporus 四孔枥粉 桦木科 16.6 6.5 26.0 12.7 1.9 9.8 12.7 12.6 7.2 Caryophyllidites sp. 石竹粉 石竹科 1.3 Chenopodipollismicroporatus 小孔藜粉 藜科 1.3 1.9 1.0 1.8 1.7 1.9 C. multiplex 多坑藜粉 藜科 0.9 0.9 Cruciferaeipites minor 小十字花粉 十字花科 0.3 1.9 C. pusillus 小栗粉 栗亚科 9.0 Cyperaceaepollisscholitzensis 许里兹莎草粉 莎草科 1.6 C. sp. 莎草粉 莎草科 0.3 0.8 Cyrillaceaepollenitesmegaexactus 西里拉粉 西里拉科或栗亚科 0.6 0.8 0.5 Echitricolporitesmicroechinatus 细刺刺三孔沟粉 菊科紫菀族 1.0 Elaeangnacites sp. 胡颓子粉 胡颓子科 1.9 1.9 3.8 1.6 0.9 2.9 0.5 Engelhardtioiditeslevis 小黄杞粉 胡桃科 5.1 1.0 4.1 10.9 9.2 12.5 Faguspollenites mediocris 平凡山毛榉粉 山毛榉科 0.6 Fraxinoipollenitesovatus 卵形梣粉 木犀科 0.3 1.0 0.9 F. sp. 梣粉 木犀科 0.7 Gothanipollis elegans 华美高腾粉 桑寄生科？ 1.9 0.3 0.8 1.2 Graminiditesgracilis 纤弱禾本粉 禾本科 1.3 0.3 0.8 2.0 2.8 1.8 0.6 G. major 大型禾本粉 禾本科 2.8 0.6 Juglanspollenitesrotundus 圆形胡桃粉 胡桃科 0.8 3.3 0.9 1.1 J. tetraporus 四孔胡桃粉 胡桃科 1.7 0.7 J. verus 真胡桃粉 胡桃科 1.3 2.0 1.8 1.1 0.7 Lonicerapollis sp. 忍冬粉 忍冬科 0.2 Meliaceoidites orbicularis 圆楝粉 楝科 1.3 2.5 2.0 0.9 1.7 Momipitescoryloides 拟榛莫米粉 胡桃科 1.9 2.0 1.8 1.1 M. polanulatus 极环莫米粉 胡桃科 0.9 M. tenuipolus 薄极莫米粉 胡桃科 4.0 1.2 M. triradiatus 三射莫米粉 胡桃科 4.5 0.9 7.5 2.5 M. spp. 莫米粉 胡桃科 8.8 17.0 1.7 Moraceoipollenites sp. 桑粉 桑科 0.3 Nanlingpollisrhombiformis 菱形南岭粉 伞形科 0.9 11.8 4.7 2.5 Nyssapollenitesanalepticus 待壮紫树粉 珙桐科 0.5 N. commixtus 混合紫树粉 珙桐科 1.3 4.9 2.7 2.9 1.9 N. pseudolaesus 极面紫树粉 珙桐科 2.7 3.4 Paraalnipollenites sp. 异常桤木粉 桦木科 0.9 Pokrovskajaoriginalis 坡氏粉 蒺藜科白刺属 5.1 5.6 1.6 0.9 1.4 Qinghaipollis elegans 青海粉 伞形科 1.1 Quercoidites cf. densu 致密栎粉（比较种） 山毛榉科 0.6 1.1 1.4 Q. microhenrici 小亨氏栎粉 山毛榉科 1.3 1.9 Ranunculaciditeshailongjingensis 海龙井毛茛粉 毛茛科 1.6 1.8 0.5 R. vulgaris 平常毛茛粉 毛茛科 0.6 2.5 R. sp. 毛茛粉 毛茛科 0.6 2.0 2.8 1.7 0.7 Rhoipitesqaidamensis 柴达木漆树粉 漆树科 0.9 Rutaceoipollenitesoblatus 扁圆芸香粉 芸香科 1.9 2.4 2.0 2.8 2.7 Rutaceoipollis sp. 芸香粉 芸香科 1.0 2.8 2.5 1.8 Salixipollenites elegans 锦致柳粉 杨柳科柳属 0.8 S. pseudoporites 假孔柳粉 杨柳科柳属 1.8 Sapindaceiditesmicrorugosus 细波无患子粉 无患子科 0.9 1.6 Tiliaepollenites sp. 椴粉 椴科 0.9 0.5 Tricolpopollenitespsilatus 光三沟粉 ？ 0.3 0.8 Tricolporopollenites spp. 三孔沟粉 ？ 3.9 5.7 0.9 Tubulifloriditesminispinulosus 微刺管花菊粉 菊科管花菊族 2.4 2.6 T. minumus 微小管花菊粉 菊科管花菊族 1.1 1.7 Ulmipollenitesgranulatus 粒纹榆粉 榆科 1.3 0.9 6.9 0.9 U. rotundatus 圆形榆粉 榆科 0.9 2.9 2.8 4.1 4.5 2.9 0.7 U. triangulatus 三角榆粉 榆科 0.9 2.5 Ulmoideipiteskrempii 克氏脊榆粉 榆科 1.5 0.8 2.0 0.9 2.5 1.8 U. planeraeformis 刺榆型脊榆粉 榆科 1.9 U. tricostatus 三肋脊榆粉 榆科 1.9 1.0 Umbelliferaepitesminutus 小拟伞形粉 伞形科 11.5 9.0 4.1 1.0 13.2 12.5 U. sp. 拟伞形粉 伞形科 1.3 0.9 2.0 2.7 Vaclavipollis radiatus 辐射法克拉维粉 石竹科 1.9 4.9 0.5 不能鉴定的孢粉 1.3 2.9 1.7 0.5 鉴定孢粉数量/粒 157 324 123 102 106 122 110 174 416 
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