Tectonic evolution of the South China Ocean-Continent Connection Zone: Transition and mechanism of the Tethyan to the Pacific tectonic domains
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摘要: 南海北部陆缘位于大华南地块洋陆过渡带南段的关键核心段落，曾处于特提斯洋构造域与（古）太平洋构造域交接地带，是印度洋构造动力系统与太平洋构造动力系统波及的共同地区。然而，以往研究和勘探程度较低，特提斯构造域与太平洋构造域交接转换区域的大地构造背景、过程、机制始终不够明确。基于南海北部陆缘地震剖面，不仅关注该区新生代盆地结构构造，以服务该区油气精准勘探，并且试图以此解剖、揭示该区中生代基底结构特征，进而探索新生代南海海盆打开、扩张、停滞到消亡过程的前生今世。对珠江口盆地地震剖面解析和华南陆缘野外构造研究表明：华南地块洋陆过渡带先后经历了中生代印支期碰撞造山、燕山早期增生造山、燕山晚期压扭造山三个过程；随后进入新生代，又经历了早期北东东—南西西走向正断层主控下的弥散性裂解成盆、中期北东—北北东走向张扭断裂主控下的右行走滑拉分成盆、晚期北西—北西西向张扭断裂主控下的左行走滑拉分成盆三期伸展构造叠加。总体上，该区特提斯洋构造体系向太平洋构造体系的转换过程经历了四个阶段：古特提斯洋构造体系向新特提斯洋构造体系转换、新特提斯洋构造体系向古太平洋构造体系转换、新特提斯洋构造体系向太平洋构造体系转换及古太平洋构造体系向太平洋构造体系的转换。东亚洋陆过渡带的构造转换折射出地球深浅部动力系统驱动“东亚大汇聚”的长期机制，即东南亚环形俯冲驱动体系、太平洋LLSVP和非洲LLSVP的深部动力系统（统称为海底“三极”）的重要性，其中，东南亚环形俯冲驱动体系是地球板块运动的重要动力引擎之一。Abstract: The northern South China Sea continental margin is the key or critical segment of the Ocean-Continent Connection Zone (OCCZ) of the Great South China Block, the junction between the Tethyan and the (Paleo-) Pacific dynamic systems, and the interaction area between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. However, due to the low-degree geophysical exploration in the past, the regional tectonic background, processes and mechanism of the transition between the Tethyan and the Pacific tectonic domains are unclear. Based on the latest large number of seismic profiles, we focus on the Cenozoic basin structure in the continental margin of the northern South China Sea and try to reveal the Mesozoic basement structures of the northern South China Sea continental margin, with the aim of exploring the pre-Cenozoic tectonic evolution and the Cenozoic opening, spreading, ridge fossil and closure of the South China Sea oceanic basin, so as to serve the accurate oil and gas exploration in this area at the same time. The seismic interpretation of the Pearl River Mouth Basin and the field structural investigation of the South China continental margin show that the OCCZ of the South China Block has experienced three processes: Mesozoic Indosinian collisional orogeny, Early Yanshanian accretionary orogeny and Late Yanshanian transpressive orogeny. During the Cenozoic era, it experienced the dispersive extension into basins under the control of NW-SE-directed normal extension in the early stage, the dextral pull-apart into basins under the control of NE-NNE-trending strike-slip faults in the middle stage, and the sinistral pull-apart into basins under the control of NW-WNW strike-slip faults in the late stage. In general, the transition process from the Tethyan to the Pacific tectonic systems can be subdivided into four stages: the transition from the Paleo-Tethyan to the Neo-Tethyan tectonic systems, the transition from the Neo-Tethyan to the Paleo-Pacific tectonic systems, the transition from the Neo-Tethyan to the Pacific tectonic systems, and the transition from the Paleo-Pacific to the Pacific tectonic systems. The tectonic transition of the East Asian OCCZ reflects the long-term mechanism of the Earth plate dynamic system driving the plate superconvergence in East Asia, in particular of the importance of the deep or submarine “Triple Poles”, the Southeast Asian U-shape subduction system, the Pacific LLSVP and the African LLSVP. More importantly, the Southeast Asian U-shape subduction system is also one of the important dynamic engines of the Earth plate motion.
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Key words:
- Ocean-Continent Connection Zone /
- Paleo-Tethyan Ocean /
- Neo-Tethyan Ocean /
- Paleo-Pacific Ocean /
- Pacific Ocean /
- orogeny /
- extension
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图 1 大华南地块东南缘的构造格架
a—大华南地块洋陆过渡带及两侧构造格架; b—研究区新生代构造模式图
Figure 1. Tectonic units in the southeast margin of the Great South China Block
(a) The Ocean-Continent Connection Zone of the Great South China Block and its surrounding tectonic framework; (b) Cenozoic tectonic pattern diagram
图 2 东亚洋陆过渡带的特提斯构造体系与太平洋构造体系关系（据刘海龄等，2006修改）
BS—保山地块；SM—思茅地块；ST—掸泰地块缝合带：1—滇琼；2—哀牢山；3—琼南；4—卢帕尔−八仙–库约俯冲−碰撞缝合带；5—飞弹(Hida)缝合带；6—日本中央构造线；7—马江；8—难河−程逸；9—奠边府−黎府；10—色潘−三歧；11—斯雷博河；12—碧土−昌宁−孟连；13—文冬−劳勿；14—金沙江−墨江；15—班公湖−怒江；16—雅鲁藏布江–沃依拉；17—潞西；18—密支那；19—那加−沃依拉
Figure 2. Relationship between the Tethyan and the Pacific tectonic systems in the East Asia Ocean−Continent Connection Zone (modified from Liu et al., 2006 )
Suture: 1−Dianqiong;2−Ailaoshan; 3−Qiongnan; 4−Lupar−Parsons−Coyo; 5−Hida; 6−Median Tectonic Line in Japan; 7−Majiang; 8−Nan−Uttaradit; 9−Dien Bien Phu−Loei; 10−Sepon−Tam Ky; 11−Srepok; 12−Bitu−Changning−Menglian; 13−Bentong−Raub; 14−Jinshajiang−Mojiang; 15−Bangonghu−Nujiang; 16−Yarlung Zangbo−Woyla; 17−Luxi; 18−Myitkyina; 19−Naga−Woyla. BS−Baoshan Block; SM−Simao Block; ST−Shan Thai Block
图 3 东亚印支早期（234 Ma）板块构造重建与华南地块顺时针旋转的动力背景
箭头为板块运动方向
Figure 3. Plate tectonic reconstruction and dynamic background on clockwise rotation of the South China Block in the early Indosinian (234 Ma) in East Asia (Arrow is plate motion sense)
图 4 南海北部和西部陆缘–右江造山带印支期构造单元划分及其后期叠加改造（据王宏等，2015修改）
彩色底图为现今珠江口盆地基底深度图珠江口盆地主要构造单元：BYS—白云凹陷；EPS—恩平凹陷；HJS—韩江凹陷；HZS—惠州凹陷；KPS—开平凹陷；LWS—荔湾凹陷；WCS—文昌凹陷；XJS—西江凹陷；YJS—阳江凹陷；DSU—东沙隆起；HNU—海南隆起；HSYLU—鹤顺−云荔凸起；NU—北部隆起；PYLU—番禺低凸起；SAU—神弧−暗沙隆起
Figure 4. The Indosinian tectonic units and their late-stage superposition in the northern and western South China Sea margins (modified from Wang et al., 2015)
Color basemap shows the present surface depths of the basement of the Pearl River Mouth Basin. Main tectonic units of the Pearl River Mouth Basin: BYS−Baiyun Sag; EPS−Enping Sag; HJS−Hanjiang Sag; HZS−Huizhou Sag; KPS−Kaiping Sag; LWS−Liwan Sag; WCS−Wenchang Sag; XJS−Xijiang Sag; YJS−Yangjiang Sag; DSU−Dongsha Uplift; HNU−Hainan Uplift; HSYLU−Heshun−Yunli Heave; NU−North Uplift; PYLU−Pangyu Low Heave; SAU−Shenhu−Ansha Uplift
图 5 东亚印支晚期（200 Ma）板块构造重建与古太平洋板块正向俯冲
箭头为板块运动方向
Figure 5. Plate tectonic reconstruction and normal subduction of the Paleo-Pacific plates in the late Indosinian (200 Ma) in East Asia (Arrow is plate motion sense)
图 6 东亚燕山早期（176 Ma）板块构造重建与古太平洋板块正向俯冲
箭头为板块运动方向
Figure 6. Plate tectonic reconstruction and normal subduction of the Paleo-Pacific plates in the early Yanshanian (176 Ma) in East Asia (Arrow is plate motion sense)
图 7 东亚洋陆过渡带及邻区中新生代构造格架（据Hall，2002；Pubellier et al.，2004；刘永江等，2010；Morley，2012；Li et al.，2013；Sibuet et al.，2016；刘建峰等，2016；李英杰等，2018 d；李锦轶等，2019 b修改）
Figure 7. Meso-Cenozoic tectonic units in the East Asian Ocean-Continent Connection Zone（Hall, 2002; Pubellier et al.，2004; Liu et al.，2010; Morley，2012; modified from Li et al.，2013; Sibuet et al.，2016; Liu et al.，2016; Li et al.，2018 d; Li et al.，2019 b）
图 8 东南亚环形汇聚系统（CSEASS）重力异常与中国东部（重力梯度带NSGL以东）晚白垩世依泽奈崎（Izanagi）板块平板俯冲以及东亚大陆岩石圈水化、弱化、减薄破坏机制（据Liu et al.，2021 b；Li et al.，2021修改）
Figure 8. Gravity anomaly of the Curved Southeast Asian Subduction System (CSEASS) and Late Cretaceous flat subduction of the Izanagi Plate and the East Asian lithospheric destruction mechanism of hydration, weakening and thinning east of the N-S-trending Gravity Gradient Line (NSGL; modified from Liu et al.，2021 b; Li et al.，2021)
图 9 东亚燕山晚期（125 Ma）板块构造重建与古太平洋板块斜向俯冲
箭头为板块运动方向
Figure 9. Plate tectonic reconstruction and oblique subduction of the Paleo-Pacific plates in the late Yanshanian (125 Ma) in East Asia (Arrow is plate motion sense)
图 10 东亚喜山早期（55~45 Ma）板块构造重建与依泽奈崎（Izanagi）–太平洋洋中脊的俯冲
箭头为板块运动方向
Figure 10. Plate tectonic reconstruction and ridge subduction of the Izanagi−Pacific Ridge in early Himalayan (55~45 Ma) in East Asia (Arrow is plate motion sense)
图 11 东亚喜山晚期（33~24 Ma）板块构造重建与南海东部次海盆形成
箭头为板块运动方向
Figure 11. Plate tectonic reconstruction and opening of the East Sub-basin of the South China Sea in the late Himalayan (33~24 Ma) in East Asia （Arrow is plate motion sense）
图 12 东亚超级汇聚系统最终形成过程的新生代板块重建（据Honza and Fujioka，2004修改）
1—火山活动；2—扩张中心；3—俯冲带；4—不活动的扩张中心；5—走滑断层；6—地堑；7—板块运动方向a—早始新世（约52 Ma）；b—中始新世（约45 Ma）；c—早渐新世（约35 Ma）；d—渐新世末（约25 Ma）；e—中中新世（约15 Ma）；f—上新世（约5 Ma）；
Figure 12. Cenozoic plate reconstruction of final processes to form the East Asian superconvergent tectonic system（modified from Honza and Fujioka，2004 ）
(a) Early Eocene（about 52 Ma）; (b) Middle Eocene（about 45 Ma）; (c) Early Oligocence（about 35 Ma）; (d) At the end of Oligocene（about 25 Ma）; (e) Middle Miocene（about 15 Ma）; (f) Pliocene（about 5 Ma） 1−Volcanism, 2−Spreading center, 3−Subduction zone, 4−Unactive spreading center, 5−Strike-slip fault, 6−Graben, 7−Plate motion sense
图 13 珠江口盆地文昌期构造模式的类似物理模拟结果
a—文三期构造对应构造物理模拟的90°夹角左行右阶叠接的区域性基底卷入型断裂所产生收缩区内的推隆和次级走滑构造组合；b—文二期构造对应构造物理模拟的90°夹角左行右阶叠接的区域性基底卷入型断裂所产生收缩区内的推隆和次级走滑构造组合；c—文一期构造对应构造物理模拟的150°夹角左行右阶叠接的区域性基底卷入型断裂所产生收缩区内的推隆和次级走滑构造组合（据McClay and Bonora，2001修改）
Figure 13. Fault patterns during the Wenchang Period in the Pearl River Mouth Basin and their corresponding physical analog results
(a) Fault pattern in the Wensan Period similar to the physical analog of restraining double bends and secondary strike-slip faults in the pop-ups region of the regional-scale basement-involved sinistral right-stepover fault system after 10 cm sinistral strike-slip displacement on the basement fault system with 90°neutral non-overlapping; (b) Fault pattern in the Wener Period similar to the physical analog of Restraining double bends and secondary strike-slip faults in the pop-ups region of the regional-scale basement-involved sinistral right-stepover fault system after 10 cm sinistral strike-slip displacement on the basement fault system with 90°neutral non-overlapping; (c) Fault pattern in the Wenyi Period similar to the physical analog after 10 cm sinistral strike-slip displacement on the basement fault system with 150° underlapping（modified from McClay and Bonora，2001）
图 14 西太平洋洋陆过渡带层析结构（据Wu and Suppe，2018修改）
Figure 14. Tomographic image under the West Pacific Ocean-Continent Connection Zone (modified from Wu and Suppe，2018)
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