Distribution, characteristics, ages, and tectonic environments of ductile shear zones in the Beishan orogenic belt
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摘要: 北山位于中亚造山带东西段的枢纽位置，位置关键。在北山地区发育了很多韧性剪切带，目前对这些剪切带的研究还比较薄弱，对其形成机制、时代、规模、变形体制以及构造环境认识不深或者存在很多争议，同时对其在中亚造山带演化中的作用也认识不清，因此开展北山及其周缘韧性剪切带的构造研究是中亚造山带研究的重要领域之一。文章在归纳近年来在北山与邻区野外工作及其相关认识和结论的基础上，系统整理、收集已有成果，结合区域遥感影像和航磁异常地质解释，共厘定出13条长度在30~300 km之间的韧性剪切带。多数剪切带近东西向延伸并横贯北山地区，有些剪切带与北山已有的蛇绿混杂岩带或者重要构造带重合。总体而言，北山地区的剪切带以南部出露最好，宽度大（大于10 km），数量多（5~6条），而中北部的剪切带延伸度广。目前发现的北山韧性剪切带糜棱面理多数走向近东西，南向或北向陡倾，并多近于直立；相关的矿物拉伸线理近于水平。这些剪切带以右行剪切为主，少数表现为左行剪切。初步研究认为北山多数韧性剪切带形成于古生代，尤其以晚古生代—早中生代最为集中，多分布在北山的中部和南部。北山地区主要的剪切带分别与东天山和阿拉善地区同时代的韧性剪切带相连，构成了中亚造山带中段重要的区域性韧性剪切系统。这些晚古生代末期—早中生代的韧性剪切带是中亚造山带整体变形的结果，可能是Pangea超大陆中部的巨型剪切系统的重要组成部分。但也不能排除北山地区存在与古大洋斜向俯冲所导致韧性剪切变形的可能性。精确的年代学限定以及半定量和定量的构造学研究是北山地区韧性剪切带未来的工作重点。造山带尺度的巨型韧性剪切系统的厘定，对于认识中亚造山带中、下地壳变形样式、环境、体制以及Pangea超大陆的形成与演化具有重要意义。Abstract:
Objective The Beishan occupies a pivotal position between the eastern and western segments of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). Although numerous ductile shear zones have been identified in this area, they have received limited attention, leading to uncertainties and debates regarding their formation mechanisms, ages, deformation regimes, tectonic settings, and role in the evolution of the orogenic belt. Consequently, studying these ductile shear zones is crucial for understanding the evolution of the CAOB. Methods Based on a systematic compilation of previous research data, the geological interpretation of remote sensing images, the regional aeromagnetic anomalies of the East Tianshan–Beishan–Alxa region, and our fieldwork in Beishan and adjacent regions, this study has identified 13 ductile shear zones, ranging in length from 30 km to nearly 300 km. Results These 13 ductile shear zones from north to south are: Hongshishan–Baiheshan–Pengboshan–Qiantiaogou ductile shear zone, Bailiang–Sangejing–Gonglujing–Weiboshan ductile shear zone, Pochengshan–Shibanjing–Xiaohuangshan ductile shear zone, Hongyanjing–Mazongshan–Jianshan ductile shear zone, Lebaquan ductile shear zone, Baiyunshan–North Yueyashan ductile shear zone, Huaniushan–Wufengshan–Erduanjing–North Dingxin ductile shear zone, Zhongqiujing–Jinmiaogou ductile shear zone, Jiujing–Chuanshanxun ductile shear zone, Xiaoxigong–Qianhongquan ductile shear zone, Qijiaojing shear zone, Gubaoquan–Zuanjinggou ductile zone, Baidunzi–Shibandun ductile shear zone, respectively. Most of these 13 shear zones exhibit an east–west strike, traverse the entire Beishan region, and coincide with ophiolitic mélange zones or major tectonic zones. Those in the southern Beishan region are particularly well-exposed, characterized by greater widths (>10 km) and a higher concentration (five to six zones), whereas those in the central and northern regions display greater continuity and length. Currently, most documented shear zones in Beishan are dominated by dextral kinematics, with only a few exhibiting sinistral motion. Mineral stretching lineations in major shear zones are generally sub-horizontal and east–west trending, while mylonitic foliations generally strike east–west with steep to vertical dips. Preliminary findings suggest that most ductile shear zones in Beishan formed during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic, particularly in the late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic, with a predominant distribution in the central and southern regions. Many of these major shear zones can be correlated with coeval structures in the East Tianshan to the west and the Alxa region to the east, collectively forming an extensive ductile shear system in the central CAOB. Conclusion These late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic shear zones likely reflect large-scale deformation within the CAOB and may represent a key component of the central megashear system in the Pangea supercontinent. However, the possibility that the ductile shear deformation in the Beishan region was caused by oblique subduction of the Paleo-Asian Ocean cannot be ruled out. Future research on Beishan’s ductile shear zones should prioritize precise geochronology and semi-quantitative to quantitative structural analyses. [ Significance ] The identification of the orogen-scale giant ductile shear system in Beishan and its vicinity is of great significance for understanding the deformation styles, environments, and regimes of the middle-lower crust in the CAOB, as well as the formation and evolution of the Pangea supercontinent. -
图 1 中亚造山带地质图与晚古生代—早中生代剪切系统
Figure 1. Geological map of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt showing the Late Paleozoic–Early Mesozoic shear systems
图 2 北山地区地质图与韧性剪切带分布
a—中亚造山带与研究区位置；b—北山主要剪切带与蛇绿（混杂）岩带
Figure 2. Geological map of the Beishan region with the distribution of ductile shear zones
(a) Location of the study area in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt; (b) Major shear zones and ophiolitic mélanges in the Beishan region
图 4 北山地区主要韧性剪切带糜棱面理（线）与矿物线理（红点）赤平投影图（等面积，下半球）
Figure 4. Stereographic projections of mylonitic foliations (lines) and mineral lineations (red dots) of major shear zones in the Beishan region (lower hemisphere, equal area projections)
图 3 北山卫星影像图（含蛇绿混杂岩与大型韧性剪切带）
Figure 3. Satellite image map of the Beishan region (the ophiolitic mélanges and major ductile shear zones are labelled)
图 5 红石山−百合山−蓬勃山−千条沟韧性剪切带糜棱岩（原岩为绿条山组砂岩）
a—蓬勃山；b—千条沟
Figure 5. Field photographs of mylonites from the Hongshishan–Baiheshan–Pengposhan–Qiantiaogou ductile shear zone revealing the subhorizontal lineation (the protolith is sandstone of the Lytiaoshan Formation)
(a) Pengboshan; (b) Qiantiaogou
图 6 白梁−三个井−公路井−微波山韧性剪切带糜棱岩
a—斜长石旋转碎斑（示右行）；b—糜棱岩面理（黑云母）及其云母鱼（示右行）
Figure 6. Mylonites from the Bailiang–Sangejing–Gonglujing–Weiboshan ductile shear zone
(a) Plagioclase porphyroclast (indicating dextral shearing); (b) Mylonitic foliation (biotite) and mica fish structures (indicating dextral shearing)
图 7 破城山−石板井−小黄山剪切带糜棱岩
a—石板井韧性剪切带内糜棱岩化的花岗闪长岩； b—石板井剪切带糜棱岩内发育的云母鱼（指示右行剪切）；c—花岗糜棱岩XZ面上的长石旋转碎斑（指示右行剪切）；d—XZ面石英不对称组构；e—花岗糜棱岩面理上的矿物线理；f—远处新元古代白云质灰岩呈飞来峰推覆在糜棱岩化的石炭系—二叠系碎屑岩以及侵入岩之上
Figure 7. Field photographs (except for Fig.7b, cross-polarized light photomicrograph) of the mylonites from the Pochenshan–Shibanjing–Xiaohuangshan shear zone.
(a) Mylonitized granodiorite within the Shibanjing ductile shear zone; (b) Mica fish structures within mylonites of the Shibanjing shear zone, indicating dextral shearing; (c) Rotated feldspar porphyroclasts on the XZ plane of a granitic mylonite, indicating dextral shearing; (d) Asymmetric quartz fabric on the XZ plane; (e) Mineral lineation on the foliation plane of granitic mylonite; (f) Neoproterozoic dolomitic limestone thrust as a klippe over mylonitized Carboniferous–Permian clastic rocks and intrusive rocks
图 8 红岩井−马鬃山−尖山韧性剪切带糜棱岩
a—红岩井段呈东西向延伸并卷入剪切带的花岗岩；b—红岩井段花岗糜棱岩（XZ面）；c— 马鬃山段花岗糜棱岩（暗色部分为超糜棱岩，浅色为糜棱岩）；d—马鬃山段超糜棱岩（原岩为花岗岩）；e— 尖山段花岗糜棱岩；f— 尖山段花岗糜棱面理及矿物拉伸线理
Figure 8. Field photographs of the mylonites from the Hongyanjing-Mazongshan-Jianshan ductile shear zone.
(a) East-west-trending granite involved in the shear zone (Hongyanjing segment; (b) Granitic mylonite (XZ plane, Hongyanjing segment); (c) Granitic mylonite (Mazongshan segment, the dark part is ultramylonite, the light part is mylonite); (d) Ultramylonite (Mazongshan segment, the protolith is granite); (e) Granitic mylonite (Jianshan segment); (f) Mylonitic foliation and mineral stretching lineation (granitic mylonite, Jianshan segment)
图 9 勒巴泉剪切带糜棱岩
a—勒巴泉杂岩与侵入其中的花岗岩；b— 侵入勒巴泉杂岩花岗岩边部糜棱岩化； c—侵入勒巴泉杂岩花岗岩中（糜棱岩化）的围岩勒巴泉杂岩捕虏体（糜棱岩化）；d—侵入勒巴泉杂岩花岗岩（糜棱岩）XZ面上的C’构造（铅笔上方，指示右行剪切）
Figure 9. Field photographs of the mylonites from the Lebaquan shear zone
(a) Lebaquan Complex with granite intrusions; (b) Mylonitized granite intruding the Lebaquan Complex; (c) Mylonitized xenolith of the Lebaquan Complex (wall rock) in the mylonitized granite that has intruded the Lebaquan Complex; (d) C’ shear band (above the pencil) in a granite (mylonite) intruding the Lebaquan Complex (XZ plane), indicating dextral shearing
图 10 白云山−月牙山北韧性剪切带糜棱岩
a—糜棱岩与蛇绿混杂岩全景； b—泥盆纪花岗糜棱岩面理与近水平的石英拉伸线理；c— 蛇绿混杂岩边部长英质糜棱岩面理与石英拉伸线理（侧伏角变大）；d—蛇绿混杂岩内部长英质糜棱岩面理与石英拉伸线理（拉伸线理陡立）；e—未韧性剪切变形的蛇绿混杂岩
Figure 10. Field photographs of the mylonites from the Baiyunshan–Yueyashan North ductile shear zone
(a) Panorama of mylonite and ophiolitic mélange; (b) Mylonitic foliation of Devonian granite with nearly horizontal quartz stretching lineation; (c) Felsic mylonitic foliation and quartz stretching lineation with larger pitch angle in the outer part of the ophiolitic mélange; (d) Felsic mylonitic foliation and steeply plunging quartz stretching lineation in the inner part of the ophiolitic mélange; (e) Unmylonitized section of the ophiolitic mélange
图 11 花牛山−五峰山−二断井−鼎新北韧性剪切带糜棱岩.
a—鼎新北韧性剪切带全景；b—卷入剪切带的石炭纪灰岩； c— 卷入剪切带的石炭纪灰岩的糜棱面理与矿物拉伸线理； d—卷入剪切带的石炭纪火山岩及糜棱面理上的石英拉伸线理
Figure 11. Field photographs of the mylonites from the Huaniushan–Wufengshan–Erduanjing–North Dingxin ductile shear zone
(a) Panorama of the ductile shear zone to the north of Dingxin; (b) Carboniferous limestone in the shear zone; (c) Mylonitic foliations and mineral stretching lineations of Carboniferous limestone in the shear zone; (d) Mylonitic foliations and quartz stretching lineation of Carboniferous volcanic rocks in the shear zone
图 12 中秋井−金庙沟韧性剪切带糜棱岩
a—西向延伸的花岗岩全景； b—剪切带中花岗糜棱面理上的近水平的石英拉伸线理；c—剪切带中花岗糜棱岩XZ面上的σ不对称组构（铅笔下方），指示左行剪切； d— 剪切带中花岗糜棱岩XZ面上的σ不对称组构（箭头处）和C’构造（虚线），指示左行剪切
Figure 12. Field photographs of the mylonites from the Zhongqiujing–Jinmiaogou ductile zone
(a) Panorama of an east-west-trending granite involved in the shear zone; (b) Granitic mylonitic foliation with nearly horizontal quartz stretching lineation on it in the shear zone; (c) Asymmetric σ-fabric (below the pencil) in the granitic mylonite in the shear zone (XZ plane), indicating sinistral shearing; (d) Asymmetric σ-fabric (arrow) in the granitic mylonite in the shear zone (XZ plane) and C’ shear band (dashed lines), indicating sinistral shearing
图 13 旧井−穿山驯韧性剪切带糜棱岩
A—糜棱岩面理与石英拉伸线理； B—C—花岗糜棱面理A型褶皱； D— 不对称褶皱（XZ面），示右行剪切； E— C’（箭头处）与不对称组构（铅笔下方；XZ面），指示右行剪切； F— 石英拉伸线理
Figure 13. Field photographs of the mylonites from the Jiujing–Chuanshanxun ductile shear zone
(a) Mylonitic foliation with quartz lineation in deformed granite; (b) and (c) A-type folds in granitic mylonite; (d) Asymmetric fold (XZ plane), indicating dextral shearing; (e) C’ shear band (arrow) and asymmetric fabric (below the pencil; XZ plane), indicating dextral shearing; (f) Quartz stretching lineation
图 14 小西弓−前红泉韧性剪切带糜棱岩
a—沿糜棱岩面理侵入的同构造花岗岩；b— 卷入剪切带的花岗岩；c— σ不对称组构（XZ面），指示左行剪切； d—石英拉伸线理
Figure 14. Field photographs of the mylonites from the Xiaoxigong–Qianhongquan ductile shear zone
(a) Syn-tectonic granite intruded along the mylonitic foliation; (b) Granite involved in the shear zone; (c) Asymmetric σ-fabric (XZ plane), indicating sinistral shearing; (d) Quartz stretching lineation
图 15 白墩子−西涧泉韧性剪切带糜棱岩
a—花岗糜棱岩；b—石英拉伸线理； c—糜棱岩面理； d— 不对称组构（箭头处），指示右行剪切
Figure 15. Field photographs of the mylonites from the Baidunzi–Xijianquan ductile shear zone
(a) Granitic mylonite; (b) Quartz stretching lineation; (c) Mylonitic foliation; (d) Asymmetric fabrics (arrow), indicating dextral shearing
图 16 北山−阿拉善地区低温热年代学数据分布
a—磷灰石裂变径迹年龄（数据来自刘红旭等，2014；Wang et al.，2023；Gillespie et al.，2017；Tian et al.，2016；Liu et al.，2023；Song et al.，2018； Zhang et al.，2017；Du et al.，2021；韩伟等，2015； 马静辉和何登发 ，2019；Nie et al.，2021；刘奎等，2024）；b—锆石裂变径迹年龄（Chen et al.，2007）； c—磷灰石U/Th-He年龄（Zhang et al.，2021b）； d— 锆石U/Th-He年龄（Zhang et al.，2021b）
Figure 16. Distribution of low-temperature thermochronology data in the Beishan-Alxa region
(a) Apatite fission track ages (data from Liu et al., 2014; Gillespie et al., 2017; Tian et al., 2016; Liu et al., 2023; Song et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2021b; Zhang et al., 2017; Han et al., 2015; Liu et al., 2024); (b) Zircon fission track ages (Chen et al., 2007); (c) Apatite U/Th–He ages (Zhang et al., 2021b); (d) Zircon U/Th–He ages (Zhang et al., 2021b)
图 17 中亚造山带韧性剪切时代分布（Zhang et al.，2022a）
Figure 17. Temporal distribution of ductile shear zones in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (data from Zhang et al., 2022, and references therein)
图 18 北山韧性剪切带年龄分布
BYSZ—白云山−月牙山北剪切带；JCSZ—旧井–穿山驯剪切带；XHSZ—小西弓–前红泉剪切带；BSSZ—白墩子–石板墩剪切带；QJJSZ—七角井剪切带；BSGWSZ—白梁−三个井–公路井–微波山剪切带；QPBHSZ—千条沟–蓬勃山–百合山–红石山剪切带；LBQSZ—勒巴泉剪切带；HMJSZ—红岩井–马鬃山–尖山剪切带；PSXSZ—破城山–石板井–小黄山剪切带a—纬度方向分布； b— 经度方向分布（红色区域为根据岩体穿切关系确定的年龄范围，其余的为40Ar/39Ar年龄，浅蓝色和粉红色箭头为不同的年龄变化趋势）
Figure 18. Age distribution of ductile shear zones in the Beishan region
(a) Age–latitude diagram; (b) Age–longitude diagram (The red shaded areas represent age ranges constrained by cross-cutting relationships of rock bodies; other ages are based on 40Ar/39Ar dating. Light blue and pink arrows indicate different age variation trends)BYSZ—Baiyunshan–Yueyashanbei shear zone; JCSZ—Jiujing–Chuanshanxun shear zone; XHSZ—Xiaoxigong–Qianhongquan shear zone; BSSZ—Baidunzi–Shibandun shear zone; QJJSZ—Qijiaojing shear zone; BSGWSZ—Bailiang–Sangejing–Gonglujing–Weiboshan shear zone; QPBHSZ—Qiantiaogou–Pengboshan–Baiheshan–Hongshishan shear zone; LBQSZ—Lebaquan shear zone; HMJSZ—Hongyanjing–Mazongshan–Jianshan shear zone; PSXSZ—Pochengshan–Shibanjing–Xiaohuangshan shear zone
图 19 东天山−北山−阿拉善晚古生代末期—三叠纪韧性剪切带
a—东天山−北山−阿拉善晚古生代末期—三叠纪韧性剪切带连接与分布（底图来自美国地质调查局：https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/）； b— 剪切带分布与研究区航磁异常关系（航磁异常图根据Xiong et al., 2016）
Figure 19. Latest Paleozoic ductile shear zones in the Eastern Tianshan–Beishan–Alxa region
(a) Distribution and connection of ductile shear zones in the Eastern Tianshan–Beishan–Alxa region (The base map is from the United States Geological Survey, https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/); (b) Relationship between the ductile shear zone distribution and the aeromagnetic anomaly in the study region (aeromagnetic anomaly map adapted from Xiong et al., 2016)
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