Research on the pattern of typical geohazard chains in the southwest mountainous region, China
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摘要:
西南山区是中国地质灾害链最发育、成灾最严重的地区。为深入认识区域地质灾害链成灾模式, 文章在系统收集西南山区历史上19次典型重大灾害事件基础上, 分析了地质灾害链的主控因素及成灾特征, 总结了滑坡型、崩塌型、泥石流型3类灾害链分类模式及5种链式成灾过程, 并选择每一类中的典型地质灾害链成灾过程进行了剖析, 在此基础上对地质灾害链成灾机理研究、数据库构建、技术标准体系建设及跨界流域链式灾害风险防控机制构建等进行了展望, 提出了地质灾害链防范建议, 旨在为区域地质灾害防灾减灾规划、重大工程与城镇建设安全提供参考。
Abstract:The southwest mountainous region in China is the worst-hit area due to the most developed geohazard chains. In order to better understand the pattern of the geohazard chains in this region, we analyzed the main control factors and characteristics of the geohazard chains based on 19 typical geohazard events in history. Three classification patterns, namely landslide-type, collapse-type, debris flow-type, and five typical hazard-inducing processes, were summarized. A typical hazard-inducing chain process in each model was selected for analysis. On this basis, we discussed the mechanism of the geohazard chain, the construction of a database and technical standard system, and the measures for preventing and controlling transboundary basin chain-type geohazards, aiming to provide a reference for the regional geohazard prevention and mitigation plan, and the major engineering projects' construction and people's safety in town.
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图 1 沟谷灾害链要素(崔鹏和郭剑，2021)
Figure 1. Elements of the valley hazard chain (Cui and Guo, 2021)
图 2 典型滑坡-堰塞湖-溃决洪水灾害链模式示意图
Figure 2. Typical pattern graph of an earthquake-landslide-dammed lake-burst flood hazard chain
图 4 典型冰岩崩-泥石流-堰塞湖-溃决洪水灾害链模式示意图
Figure 4. Typical pattern graph of an ice rock fall-debris flow-dammed lake-outburst flood hazard chain
图 5 典型冰崩-冰湖溃决-泥石流灾害链模式示意图
Figure 5. Typical pattern graph of an ice fall-debris flow-dammed lake-outburst flood hazard chain
图 6 典型泥石流-堰塞湖-滑坡灾害链模式示意图
Figure 6. Typical pattern graph of a rainstorm-debris flow-dammed lake-landslide hazard chain
图 7 西藏金沙江白格滑坡灾害链现场
Figure 7. Photo of the hazard chain caused by the Baige landslide in 2020
图 8 2020年四川省丹巴县半扇门镇梅隆沟泥石流灾害链现场
Figure 8. Hazard chain caused by the Meilong debris flow in 2020 in Danba County, Sichuan province
表 1 西南山区典型历史重大地质灾害链统计表
Table 1. Statistical table of typical geohazard chains in the southwest mountainous region
序号 地质灾害名称 发生日期 省份 市 震级(MS) 县 特征 成灾范围 诱因 1 磨岗岭滑坡 1786年6月1日 四川 甘孜州 7.75 泸定县 堵江 跨县界 地震 2 叠溪滑坡 1933年8月25日 四川 阿坝州 7.5 茂县 堵江 跨县界 地震 3 普福滑坡 1965年11月23日 云南 昆明市 禄劝县 堵江 跨县界 暴雨 4 唐古栋滑坡 1967年6月8日 四川 甘孜州 雅江县 堵江 跨县界成灾 天然 5 易贡滑坡 2000年4月9日 西藏 林芝市 波密县 堵江 跨国界 冻融 6 天台乡滑坡 2004年9月5日 四川 达州市 宣汉县 堵江 小范围 暴雨 7 唐家山滑坡 2008年5月12日 四川 绵阳市 8.0 北川县 堵江 跨县界 地震 8 东河口滑坡 2008年5月12日 四川 广元市 8.0 青川县 堵江 小范围 地震 9 响水沟泥石流 2009年7月23日 四川 甘孜州 康定县 堵江 小范围 暴雨 10 文家沟泥石流 2010年8月13日 四川 绵竹市 堵江 小范围 暴雨 11 红椿沟泥石流 2010年8月13日 四川 阿坝州 汶川县 堵江 小范围 暴雨 12 普拉底泥石流 2010年8月18日 云南 怒江州 贡山县 堵江 小范围 暴雨 13 采书组滑坡 2012年8月31日 四川 凉山州 喜德县 堵江 小范围 暴雨 14 三转湾滑坡 2013年7月27日 云南 昭通市 永善县 涌浪 小范围成灾 暴雨 15 大宁河滑坡 2015年6月24日 重庆 巫山县 涌浪 小范围 暴雨 16 白格滑坡 2018年10月11日 西藏 昌都市 江达县 堵江 跨省界 天然 17 色东普冰崩 2018年10月17日 西藏 林芝市 米林县 堵江 跨国界 冻融 18 中堡滑坡 2020年7月25日 重庆 武隆县 堵江 小范围 暴雨 19 半扇门泥石流 2020年6月17日 四川 甘孜州 丹巴县 堵江 小范围 暴雨 
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表 2 西南山区主要地质灾害链分类表
Table 2. Classification of main geohazard chains in the southwest mountainous region
灾害链类型 链状模式 形成过程 典型案例 滑坡型灾害链 滑坡-堰塞湖-洪水 滑坡发生后堵塞主河形成堰塞湖，造成上游淹没成灾，堰塞湖溃决后洪水导致下游沿途成灾，影响范围可达数百千米甚至数千千米 西藏江达县沙江白格滑坡、四川泸定县大渡河摩岗岭滑坡灾害链 滑坡-涌浪 滑坡发生后进入库区造成涌浪，冲击库岸建筑、河道船只等造成灾害，影响范围可达数千米至数十千米 重庆巫山县大宁河滑坡、云南永善县三转湾滑坡 崩塌型灾害链 崩塌-碎屑流/泥石流-堰塞湖-洪水 高位崩塌(冰岩崩)发生后形成碎屑流/泥石流，沿途铲刮松散土体冲出，堵塞下游主河形成堰塞湖，进而形成溃决洪水成灾，影响范围可达数十千米至数百千米 西藏林芝县色东普沟冰岩崩碎屑流 冰崩-冰湖溃决-泥石流 岩崩、冰崩等发生后坠入冰湖后导致冰湖溃决，冰湖溃决洪水启动沿途松散土体形成泥石流，冲出后造成下游成灾，影响范围数十千米至数百千米 西藏聂拉木县嘉隆措冰湖溃决泥石流、波密县光谢错冰湖溃决泥石流灾害链 泥石流型灾害链 泥石流-堰塞湖-洪水 泥石流发生后堵断主河形成堰塞湖，造成上游淹没成灾，堰塞湖溃决后洪水造成下游沿途成灾，影响范围数千米至数十千米 云南贡山县东月各河泥石流、四川丹巴县阿娘寨泥石流灾害链
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