Characteristics and causes of coseismic surface rupture triggered by the "5.22" MS 7.4 Earthquake in Maduo, Qinghai, and their significance
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摘要: 2021年5月22日2时4分在青海省果洛藏族州玛多县境内发生MS7.4级地震，此次玛多MS7.4级地震是2008年汶川MS8.0级大地震之后中国震级最大的一次地震，及时查明其同震地表破裂展布及特征，对于正确认识发震构造和区域防震减灾具有重要意义。根据震后现场调查，结合高分辨率卫星遥感图像的解译分析、余震数据和典型地震地表破裂的无人机低空摄影测量等结果，初步获得了此次地震6处典型地震地表破裂的特征。结果发现：此次玛多地震的地表破裂主要沿已知的东昆仑断裂带的南侧分支断裂昆仑山口-江错断裂的东南段分布，分析表明其中的江错断裂应是此次地震的发震断层；同震破裂的西段总体走向275°~300°，主要表现为挤压鼓包和雁列式张裂隙的斜列组合，其中江错贡麻段至江多村段出现了明显的1.4~0.8 m的垂直位移，指示该段可能具有较明显的正断层成分；中部黄河乡段主要由一系列呈左阶斜列的北西向P剪切裂缝和右阶雁行排列的北东向张裂隙构成，走滑位移较小；而东段地表破裂出现了多个分支，其中北支昌马河段主要由一系列雁行排列的张裂隙组成，总体走向为260°，与断裂西段的走向明显不同；地震造成的最大左旋位移出现在西段的错尔加拉破裂段，约2.8 m，指示此次地震地表破裂带的走滑位移主要呈从西向东的单侧扩展-衰减特征。考虑到此次玛多地震出现在东昆仑主干断裂南侧的巴颜喀拉地块内部，表明该地块内部具有发生7级以上大地震的能力，因此，巴颜喀拉地块内部强震活动的孕震条件和机理应该是未来需要进一步关注的科学问题。
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关键词:
- 玛多MS7.4级地震 /
- 地震地表破裂 /
- 江错断裂 /
- 东昆仑断裂带 /
- 巴颜喀拉块体
Abstract: An MS 7.4 earthquake occurred in Maduo County, Guoluo Tibetan Prefecture, Qinghai Province at 02:04 on May 22, 2021(Beijing time), which is the largest one in China after the 2008 Wenchuan MS 8.0 earthquake. Finding out the distribution and characteristics of its coseismic surface rupture in time is of great significance for the identification of seismogenic structure, regional earthquake prevention and disaster reduction. Combining the post-earthquake field investigation with the results from the interpretation and analysis of high-resolution satellite remote sensing images, aftershock data and UAV low altitude photogrammetry, we got a preliminary judgment on the characteristics of six typical seismic surface ruptures. Firstly, the surface rupture caused by the Maduo earthquake is mainly distributed along the southeastern segment of the known South Branch of the East Kunlun fault zone, the kunlunshankou-Jiangcuo fault. It indicates that the Jiangcuo fault should be the seismogenic fault of the earthquake. Secondly, the western segment of the coseismic rupture with an overall strike of 275°~300°, is mainly manifested as an inclined combination of compressive bulges and echelon tensile fractures. There is a significant vertical displacement of 1.4~0.8 m between the Jiangcuogongma section and the Jiangduocun section, indicating that the western segment may have obvious normal fault components. The huanghexiang section in the middle is mainly composed of a series of NW-trending P shear fractures with left-order oblique and NE-trending tensile fractures with right-order en echelon, with small strike slip displacements. The Changma reach of the North Branch is mainly composed of a series of en echelon fractures, with the overall strike of 260°, The strike of the fault is obviously different from that of the western segment of the fault. Thirdly, the maximum left lateral displacement caused by the earthquake occurred in the Cuoerjiala rapture section of the western segment, about 2.8 m, indicating that the strike slip displacement of the surface fracture zone of the earthquake is mainly characterized by unilateral expansion attenuation from west to East. The fact that the Maduo earthquake occurred in the Bayan Har block on the south side of the East Kunlun main fault demonstrate the possibility of earthquake with magnitude 7 or above in this block. Therefore the seismogenic conditions and mechanism of strong earthquake activity in the Bayan Har block should be a scientific issue that needs further attention. -
图 1 玛多MS7.4级地震区域地震构造图(余震目录来自青海省地震台网)
a—巴颜喀拉块体历史强震分布图; b—玛多MS 7.4级地震余震分布及典型地表破裂考察点分布图
Figure 1. Regional seismic structural map of the Maduo MS7.4 earthquake
(a)Distribution map of historical strong earthquakes occurred in the Bayan Har block; (b)Distribution of aftershocks and investigation points of typical surface rupture of the MS7.4 Maduo earthquake
The aftershock catalog comes from the Qinghai Seismic Network.
图 2 错尔加拉段地表破裂解译图
a—正射影像图; b—数字高程模型
Figure 2. Interpretation of surface rupture of the Cuoerjiala section
(a) Orthophoto; (b) Digital elevation model
图 3 错尔加拉段地表破裂及同步左旋位移特征
a—指示左旋走滑的地表破裂带; b—北东向的大型张裂缝; c—高约1.6 m的北西向挤压鼓包; d—车辙左旋位错约2.8 m
Figure 3. Photos showing the features of surface rupture and synchronous left-handed displacement of the Cuoerjiala section
(a)Surface rupture zone indicating left-handed strike-slip; (b) Large-scale NE-trending crack; (c)A ~1.6 m-high NW-trending squeeze bulge; (d) A ~2.8 m left-handed rut dislocation
图 4 鄂陵湖南段地表破裂解译图
a—正射影像图; b—数字高程模型
Figure 4. Interpretation of the surface rupture in the southern segment of the Elinghu section
(a) Orthophoto; (b)Digital elevation model
图 5 鄂陵湖南段地表破裂及同步左旋位移特征
a—指示近东西向左旋剪切作用的右阶雁行张裂缝; b—宽约1.7m的北东向张裂隙; c—左阶斜列分布的挤压鼓包; d—车辙被左旋位错约1.4 m
Figure 5. Photos showing the features of surface rupture and synchronous left-handed displacement in the southern segment of the Elinghu section
(a)Right-order en echelon crack indicating left-handed shearing action from near east to west; (b) A ~1.7 m-wide NE-trending tensile fracture; (c) Compressive bulges distributed diagonally in the left order; (d) A rut dislocated by left-handed is about 1.4 m
图 6 江错贡麻段地表破裂解译图
a—正射影像图; b—数字高程模型
Figure 6. Interpretation of the surface rupture in the Jiangcuogongma section
(a) Orthophoto; (b) Digital elevation model
图 7 江错贡麻段地震地表破裂及同步左旋位移特征
a—张裂隙; b—左旋位错冲沟约1.2 m; c—断层陡坎; d—高约1.4 m的断层陡坎
Figure 7. Photos showing the features of seismic surface ruptures and synchronous left-handed displacement of the Jiangcuogongma segment
(a) Tensile fractures; (b) A ~1.2 m-wide left-handed dislocation gully; (c) Fault ridges; (d) A ~1.4 m-high fault ridge
图 8 江多村段地表破裂解译图
a—无人机航摄的正射影像图; b—数字高程模型(指示断层北盘存在相对抬升)
Figure 8. Interpretation of the surface ruptures in the Jiangduocun section
(a) Orthophoto; (b) Digital elevation model
图 9 江多村段地震地表破裂及同步左旋位移特征
a—指示左旋走滑的雁列挤压鼓包及张裂缝; b—在破裂右阶斜列部位发育的北西向挤压脊; c—宽约20 m的地表破裂; d—指示断层北侧抬升的约0.8 m高断坎; e—右阶雁列的北东向张裂缝; f—左旋位错冲沟约1.1 m
Figure 9. Photos showing the features of seismic surface ruptures and synchronous left-handed displacement of the Jiangduocun section
(a) En echelon compressive bulges and tensile fractures indicating left-handed strike-slip; (b) NW-trending compressive ridge developed in the right-order oblique row of the rupture; (c) A ~20 m-wide surface rupture; (d) A ~0.8 m-high fault ridge indicating the uplift in the north side of the fault; (e) Right-order en echelon NE-trending tensile fractures; (f) A ~1.1 m-wide left-handed dislocation gully
图 10 黄河乡段地表破裂解译图
a—正射影像图; b—数字高程模型
Figure 10. Interpretation of surface ruptures in the Huanghexiang section
(a) Orthophoto; (b) Digital elevation model
图 11 黄河乡段地震地表破裂及同步左旋位移特征
a—破裂带中呈左阶雁行排列的P剪切裂缝; b—北西向P剪切裂缝与北东向张裂隙的交切现象; c—具左旋走滑性质的北西向P剪切裂缝; d—破裂带中的北西向P剪切裂缝将水泥杆左旋位错约20 cm
Figure 11. Photos showing the features of surface ruptures and synchronous left-handed displacement of the Huanghexiang section
(a) Left-order en echelon P shear fractures in the fracture zone; (b) Intersection between the NW-trending P shear fractures and NE-trending tensile fractures; (c) NW-trending P shear fractures with left-handed strike-slip; (d) NW-trending P shear fractures in the rupture zone left-handed dislocated the cement rod about 20 cm
图 12 昌马河段地表破裂解译图
a—正射影像图; b—数字高程模型
Figure 12. Interpretation of surface ruptures in the Changmahe section
(a) Orthophoto; (b) Digital elevation model
图 13 昌马河段地表破裂及同步左旋位移特征
a—由拉张裂隙和小型鼓包雁列组合而成的地表破裂; b—由雁列鼓包和剪切裂缝组合而成的地表破裂; c—优尔曲东侧谷坡上出现的近南北向挤压鼓起带; d—地表剪切破裂左旋位错河床约1.1 m
Figure 13. Photos showing the features of surface ruptures and synchronous left-handed displacement in the Changmahe reach
(a) The surface ruptures formed by the combination of tensile fratures and small bulging en echelon row; (b) Surface ruptures formed by the combination of en echelon bulges and shear fractures; (c) A nearly NS-trending compressive bulge belt appeared on the valley slope on the east side of the Youerqu slope; (d) A surface shear fracture left-handed dislocated river bed about 1.1 m
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