大型油气工程建设中地球物理勘探技术应用现状与展望

荆少东; 马学东; 闫月锋; 孙怀凤

doi:10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2026054

大型油气工程建设中地球物理勘探技术应用现状与展望

doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2026054

1.
中国石油化工集团有限公司，北京 100029
2.
中石化石油工程设计有限公司，山东东营 257026
3.
山东大学土建与水利学院，山东济南 250100

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金地质联合基金项目（U2444213）

详细信息

作者简介:
荆少东（1972—），男，博士，正高级工程师，从事油气工程勘察与设计。Email：jingsd@sinopec.com

通讯作者:
闫月锋（1992—），男，博士，工程师，从事油气工程地球物理勘察。Email：yfyan0516@gmail.com

中图分类号: P631.4；P313
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2026-05-12
- 修回日期: 2026-09-02
- 录用日期: 2026-09-04
- 预出版日期: 2026-09-11
- 刊出日期: 2026-10-28

Applications and prospects of geophysical exploration technologies in large-scale oil and gas engineering construction

1.
China Petrochemical Corporation (Sinopec Group), Beijing 100029, China
2.
Sinopec Petroleum Engineering Corporation, Dongying 257026, Shandong, China
3.
School of Civil Engineering and Water Resources, Shandong University, Ji’nan 250100, Shandong, China

Funds: This research was financially supported by the Geological Joint Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. U2444213).

More Information

Author Bio:
荆少东，正高级工程师，全国工程勘察设计大师，中国石油化工集团有限公司油气和新能源事业部副总经理。2025年荣获第十九次李四光地质科学奖野外奖。从事工程勘察、设计及科研工作30余年，为中国石化油气和新能源工程建设作出了重要贡献。攻关了“滩浅海地质灾害精准感知关键技术及应用”和“深海矿产开发工程地质环境原位观测技术与装备”，成果广泛应用于60多座海上平台、120多条海管、90多条海缆等油气生产重大工程建设和运营期工程防护，支撑了国际公海采矿环境影响评价和矿产资源开发；研发了“安全高效智能油气长输管道建设关键技术”，构建了“空天陆海”复杂地质油气管道勘察测量技术体系，推动我国管道工程建设水平迈入国际先进行列；推进了“透明地质–智能建造–安全运维”全流程数字化模式，建设了“多源融合–智能识别–三维重构–动态适应”技术链条，助力保障国家能源安全；攻关了“CO₂ 大规模长距离管道输送技术”和“纯氢长输管道安全输送关键技术”，促进区域生态保护和高质量发展，构建清洁低碳安全高效能源体系。研究成果发表论文36篇，出版论著8部。授权专利30件，登记软件著作权21项。主编、参编国家、行业标准规范16项。享受国务院政府特殊津贴，齐鲁最美科技工作者、中国石化突出贡献专家、中国石化工程建设先进个人等荣誉。成果获国家技术发明二等奖1项，省部级特等奖1项，省部级科技进步一等奖5项。项目获全国优秀工程勘察设计一等奖2项，省部级优秀工程勘察设计一等奖13项

摘要

摘要: 大型油气工程是国家能源安全的重要保障。长输管道、炼化工程与地下储库等各类油气工程项目协同配合，在国计民生中发挥着不可替代的作用。综合勘察贯穿于工程选址、设计、施工与运维的全过程，需要准确查明长输管道沿线的地质隐患、炼化厂区的地基条件、地下空间的岩体完整性和稳定性等。但传统钻探等技术存在复杂地形适应性差、探测范围有限、扰动场地、成本高、周期长等短板。工程物探技术因其无损、快速、可实现三维精细探测的特点，可以有效解决上述难题，成为勘探工作的重要环节。现阶段可控源音频大地电磁法（CSAMT）、高密度电法、浅层地震勘探、地质雷达及微动探测等工程物探方法已在油气工程建设中得到广泛应用，在管道沿线勘察、岩溶发育区地基探测、地下储库勘察等方面取得了良好效果。随着无人机技术发展，航空物探将有效解决复杂地形探测区域的人员安全与探测效率问题；人工智能可以有效提高物探数据处理与反演的效率与精度；通过空−地−井联合反演，可以使不同物探方法取长补短，实现三维高精度成像；分布式光纤声波传感技术（DAS）的发展则为地质体的实时动态监测提供了全新路径。工程物探技术在智能化、多维化、实时化等方面不断进步，将为大型油气工程建设提供更加坚实的技术支撑。
- 油气工程 /
- 工程物探 /
- 长输管道 /
- 炼化工程 /
- 地下储库 /
- 地球物理勘探
Abstract: Objective The construction of large-scale oil and gas engineering projects serves as a strategic cornerstone for ensuring national energy security. Various types of projects, including long-distance pipelines, refining and petrochemical facilities, and underground storage facilities, work together to support the national economy and people’s livelihoods. An integrated site investigation runs from site selection and design to construction and operation. Its core tasks include identifying geological hazards along pipelines, assessing foundation conditions at refining and chemical facilities, and evaluating rock mass integrity and stability in underground spaces. However, conventional investigation methods, including drilling, have limitations such as poor adaptability to complex terrain, limited exploration coverage, site disturbance, high costs, and long investigation periods. Methods Engineering geophysics with its unique advantages of being non-destructive, rapid, and capable of 3D exploration has become the solution to the aforementioned challenges. Methods such as controlled-source audio-frequency magnetotellurics (CSAMT), electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), shallow seismic exploration, ground penetrating radar (GPR), and microtremor surveys have been widely applied in oil and gas projects. Results Appropriate combinations of geophysical methods have demonstrated significant effectiveness in pipeline investigation, foundation exploration in karst-developed areas, and underground storage facility investigation. Conclusions With advances in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology, airborne geophysical surveys are expected to improve personnel safety and survey efficiency in areas with complex terrain. Artificial intelligence (AI)-driven geophysical data processing and inversion techniques are expected to achieve a computational acceleration of tens of thousands of times. Joint inversion of Airborne, ground-based, and borehole geophysical data can leverage the complementary strengths of different methods to achieve high-precision 3D imaging. The development of distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) technology provides a new approach to real-time dynamic monitoring of geological structures. Significance As engineering geophysics continues to advance in intelligence, multidimensional integration, and real-time monitoring, it will provide stronger technical support for large-scale oil and gas projects.
- oil and gas engineering /
- engineering geophysics /
- long-distance pipeline /
- refining and chemical engineering /
- underground storage facility /
- geophysical prospecting
注释:
Author’s Contributions:
JING Shaodong and YAN Yuefeng conceived the study, performed data analysis, designed the research methodology, and drafted the manuscript; MA Xuedong, SUN Huaifeng, and YAN Yuefeng participated in data analysis, practical application of technical approaches, and figure generation; MA Xuedong and YAN Yuefeng were involved in data analysis, refinement of the research methodology, and manuscript revision. All authors have read and approved the submission and publication of the manuscript.
Conflict of Interests:
All authors declare no conflict of interests.

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图 1 油气工程建设发展历程

Figure 1. Historical development of oil and gas engineering in China

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图 2 长输管道勘察作业图

Figure 2. Survey operations along a long-distance pipeline

(a) Drilling operation; (b) Rose diagram showing joint orientation distribution

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图 3 地下工程勘察

Figure 3. Underground engineering investigation

(a) Field survey; (b) Contour map of hydraulic conductivity distribution in subsurface rock masses

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图 4 新气工程福建省某隧道电阻率与围岩等级关系图

Figure 4. Relationship between electrical resistivity and surrounding rock mass classification for a tunnel of the New Gas Project in Fujian Province

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图 5 新气工程某隧道CSAMT探测结果

Figure 5. CSAMT survey results for a tunnel section in the New Gas Project

(a) CSAMT survey results; (b) Surrounding rock mass classification

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图 6 平行测线CSAMT成果切片图

图中各切片为平行测线的二维垂直剖面，子图按照数据采集方位排布；剖面水平轴为测线方向

Figure 6. Cross-section views of CSAMT survey results along parallel survey lines

Each panel is a 2D vertical section of parallel survey lines, ordered by data acquisition azimuth. The horizontal axis denotes the survey line direction.

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图 7 隧道轴线CSAMT判译破碎带曲线图

Figure 7. Fracture zone interpretation based on CSAMT data along the tunnel axis

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图 8 二维地震勘探探测结果与采空区判定

Figure 8. 2D seismic survey results and interpretation of goaf areas

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图 9 微动探测结果与采空区判定

Figure 9. Microtremor survey results and interpretation of goaf areas

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图 10 重力勘探结果

Figure 10. Gravity survey results

(a) Residual gravity anomaly; (b) Vertical second derivative and interpretation of goaf areas

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图 11 高密度电法岩溶探测结果

Figure 11. Karst detection results obtained using the high-density electrical resistivity method

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图 12 某炼化工程探地雷达探测结果

Figure 12. GPR survey results for a refining and petrochemical engineering project

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图 13 某地下工程可控源音频大地电磁法探测三维展示图

Figure 13. 3D visualization of CSAMT survey results for an underground engineering project

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图 14 半航空瞬变电磁探测

Figure 14. Semi-airborne transient electromagnetic (SATEM) survey

(a) Survey line layout; (b) 3D positioning of anomalous areas

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图 15 不同测线的反演结果与真实模型的对比分析（数据来源Zhang et al.，2025）

Figure 15. Comparison of inversion results for different survey lines with the true model (data from Zhang et al.，2025)

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图 16 空−地−井联合探测体系方案示意图

Figure 16. Schematic diagram of an integrated air–ground–borehole exploration system

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图 17 被动源监测探测成果（Wang et al.， 2024）

Figure 17. Passive-source monitoring results (Wang et al., 2024)

(a) Raw seismic data, (b) Dispersion curve extraction, (c) Results of 2D velocity structure inversion

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表 1 大型油气工程常用工程物探方法对比

Table 1. Comparison of common engineering geophysical methods applied in large-scale oil and gas engineering construction

方法类别	方法名称	适用条件	探测深度范围	分辨率（纵向）	地形适应性	抗干扰能力	优势	局限	应用场景
电法类	高密度电法	电阻率差异明显区	20.0~100.0 m	0.5~2.0 m	受地形起伏影响大	易受接地电阻、工业杂散电流干扰	探测效率高、成像直观	地形影响大、探测深度有限	岩溶普查、断层定位
电法类	可控源音频大地电磁法	深部构造探测	100.0~1000.0 m	纵向0~ 100.0 m	较好，可适应一定地形起伏	较好，人工源可控，压制工频干扰	探测深度大、抗干扰强	横向分辨率较低	深埋隧道、断裂构造
电法类	跨孔电磁波CT	孔间精细探测	由钻孔深度控制	纵向0.5~ 1.0 m	不依赖地表地形（需钻孔）	中等，依赖孔内耦合条件	分辨率高、可定量解释	成本高、需要钻孔	溶洞探测
地震类	地震反射法	层状地层、基岩面探测	30.0~500.0 m （浅层），深部可达2000 m以上	受地震波波长影响	较差，需较平坦或可施工场地	中等，受振动噪声影响大	探测深度大	施工复杂、成本高	覆盖层厚度、基岩起伏
地震类	面波法	横波速度结构探测	一般5.0~50.0 m	纵向0.5~ 3.0 m	较差	较强，单点激发抗环境振动较好	抗干扰强	探测深度与排列长度相关	隧道洞口覆盖层探测
地震类	跨孔弹性波CT	孔间速度成像	由钻孔深度控制	纵向0.3~ 1.0 m	不依赖地表地形（需钻孔）	中等，受孔内换能器耦合影响	分辨率高、信息丰富	需要钻孔、成本高	岩体质量评价
电磁类	航空电磁法	大区域、复杂地形区	一般50.0~ 500.0 m	纵向0~ 20.0 m	极好，无地面通行限制	较差，易受到周围环境电磁干扰	快速、无人员风险	浅层分辨率有限、成本高	管道选线区域性勘察
电磁类	地质雷达	浅层精细探测	一般0.5~50.0 m	较高，由天线频率控制	较好，需天线与地面耦合	弱，易受金属物体、无线电射频干扰	分辨率极高、无损	探测深度小（<50.0 m）	地下管线探测、浅部结构
声学类	声呐测腔	腔体形态测量	由井深及腔体尺寸控制	角度分辨率约0.5°~1.0°，距离精度约0.1~0.3 m	仅用于井孔/腔体内	较强，但需液体介质耦合	适用于腔体成像方法	需要腔体内介质耦合	盐穴储气库形态检测

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