Seismogenic, coseismic and postseismic deformation and stress evolution of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake: Numerical simulation analysis
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摘要: 2008年MS 8.0级汶川大地震发生在具有复杂的地质构造背景、强烈的地表起伏、不均匀的弹性和黏性结构的龙门山断裂带上。由于震前地震活动性不够强烈且地表构造变形较小，龙门山断裂带的地震危险性在汶川地震之前被低估。从数值模拟的角度，建立黏弹性有限元模型，考虑了初始地形、重力、构造加载、黏弹性松弛等因素对2008年汶川大地震的孕震、同震及震后150年变形全过程的影响，定量研究了映秀-北川断裂带的同震及震后变形，分析了弹性层、黏弹性层的应力积累、释放、调整的特点，模拟得到地表同震和震后位移与大地测量资料较为吻合，对汶川大地震的余震分布进行了力学上的解释，模拟得到震前、同震及震后的应力变化有助于深入分析大地震的动力学成因及其对周围区域的地震危险性影响。Abstract: The 2008 MS 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake occurred in the Longmenshan fault zone, which has complex geological background, strong surface relief, and heterogeneous elastic-viscous structures; however, the seismic risk of the Longmenshan fault zone was underestimated before the Wenchuan earthquake due to the low seismicity and slight surface tectonic deformation. We established an elastic-viscous finite element model from the perspective of numerical simulation, taking multiple factors into consideration, such as initial topography, gravity, tectonic loading, and viscoelastic relaxation of the middle and lower crusts and the upper mantle. The effects of the mentioned factors on the dynamic process of seismogenic and coseismic deformations of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake as well as the postseismic deformation in 150 years were analyzed. We quantitively studied the coseismic and postseismic deformations of the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault zone, and summerized the characteristics of stress accumulation, release, and adjustment in both the elastic and viscoelastic layers. The simulation results of the surface coseismic and postseismic displacements showed a good agreement with the geodetic data, and the aftershock distribution of the Wenchuan earthquake was explained in mechanics. The changes in preseismic, coseismic, and postseismic stress were calculated to analyze the dynamic cause of the Wenchuan earthquake and the influence on the seismic risk of surrounding areas.
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图 1 2008年汶川地震的地质构造背景和龙门山断裂带地表起伏图
a—地质构造背景图(彩色底图显示的是研究区域的地表高程，红线代表文中选取的横跨龙门山断裂带的研究剖面，蓝线代表研究区域的主要活动断裂带，灰色圆圈代表研究区域大于5.0级的历史大地震震中, LMSFZ—龙门山断裂带；XSHF—鲜水河断裂)；b—研究区域的三维地表高程分布图；c—研究剖面的地表高程图
Figure 1. Geological background of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and surface relief map of the Longmenshan fault zone. (a) Geological background map. The color base map shows the surface elevation of the study area. Red line demotes the selected section across the Longmenshan fault zone. Blue lines represent the main active faults in the study area. Grey circles represent the epicenters of historical earthquakes with magnitude greater than 5.0. LMSFZ-the Longmenshan fault zone, XSHF-the Xianshuihe fault. (b)Three-dimensional surface elevation distribution map of the study area. (c) Surface elevation map of the study section.
图 2 有限元模型示意图
灰色和深蓝色为各向同性弹性层；F1—龙门山后山断裂带，F2—龙门山中央断裂带(映秀-北川断裂带)，F3—龙门山前山断裂带，F4—龙门山后山次级断裂带，均为横观各向同性弹性材料；其余各层均为Maxwell黏弹性层
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the finite element model. Gray and dark blue regions are isotropic elastic layers. F1-the Longmenshan range-back fault zone; F2-the Longmenshan range-central fault zone; F3-the Longmenshan range-front fault zone; F4-the Longmenshan secondary range-back fault zone. Other regions are the Maxwell viscoelastic layers.
图 3 模型设定的初始位移和演化40万年之后的汶川地震初始位移
a—演化40万之后的汶川地震初始地表水平位移u；b—模型设定的初始高程和演化40万年之后的汶川地震地表垂直位移v
Figure 3. Initial displacement specified by the model and initial displacement before the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake after 400, 000 years evolution by the model. (a) Initial surface horizontal displacement u before the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake after 400, 000 years evolution by the model. (b) Initial vertical displacement specified by the model and initial vertical displacement v before the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake after 400, 000 years evolution by the model.
图 4 2008年汶川大地震的同震位移等值线图
a—同震水平位移变化Ux；b—同震垂直位移变化Uy
Figure 4. Coseismic displacement contour map of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. (a) Coseismic horizontal displacement Ux. (b) Coseismic vertical displacement Uy.
图 5 2008年汶川大地震的地表同震位移分布
a—同震地表水平位移变化Ux；b—同震地表垂直位移变化Uy
Figure 5. Surface coseismic displacement of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. (a) Coseismic horizontal displacement Ux. (b) Coseismic vertical displacement Uy.
图 6 2008年汶川大地震引起的同震应力变化
a—同震水平正应力变化Sxx；b—同震垂直正应力变化Syy；c—同震剪应力变化Sxy
Figure 6. Coseismic stress changes caused by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. (a) Coseismic horizontal normal stress change Sxx. (b) Coseismic vertical normal stress change Syy. (c) Coseismic shear stress change Sxy.
图 8 汶川大地震50年后的位移变化
a—水平位移变化Ux；b—垂直位移变化Uy
Figure 8. Displacement changes 50 years after the Wenchuan earthquake. (a) Horizontal displacement change Ux. (b) Vertical displacement change Uy.
图 9 汶川大地震100年后的位移变化
a—水平位移变化Ux；b—垂直位移变化Uy
Figure 9. Displacement changes 100 years after the Wenchuan earthquake. (a) Horizontal displacement change Ux. (b) Vertical displacement change Uy.
图 10 映秀-北川断裂带西侧出露点的震后位移随时间的变化曲线
a—水平位移变化Ux；b—垂直位移变化Uy
Figure 10. Postseismic displacement curves with time of the western outcrop point in the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault zone. (a) Horizontal displacement change Ux. (b) Vertical displacement change Uy.
图 11 映秀-北川断裂带东侧出露点的震后位移随时间的变化曲线
a—水平位移变化Ux；b—垂直位移变化Uy
Figure 11. Postseismic displacement curves with time of the eastern outcrop point of the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault zone. (a) Horizontal displacement change Ux. (b) Vertical displacement change Uy.
图 12 2008年汶川大地震平行于主震震源机制解主平面的同震结果
a—正应力Δσn；b—剪应力Δτn；c—库仑应力变化ΔCFS
Figure 12. Coseismic results of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake parallel to the main plane of focal mechanism solution. (a) Normal stress change Δσn. (b) Shear stress change Δτn. (c) Coulomb stress change ΔCFS.
图 13 2008年汶川大地震平行于主震震源机制解主平面的震后50年结果
a—正应力变化Δσn；b—剪应力变化Δτn；c—库仑应力变化ΔCFS
Figure 13. Results 50 years after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake parallel to the main plane of focal mechanism solution. (a) Normal stress change Δσn. (b) Shear stress change Δτn. (c) Coulomb stress change ΔCFS.
图 14 2008年汶川大地震的余震在剖面上的投影分布
蓝点代表2008年汶川大地震的余震位置，剖面位置与图 1a中的红色测线一致
Figure 14. Projection distribution of the aftershocks after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake on the profile (The profile corresponds to the red survey line in Fig. 1a and blue points denote the aftershocks after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake.)
表 1 龙门山断裂带两侧P波速度随深度的分布表(黄晓萍，2012)
Table 1. Distribution of P-wave velocity with depth on both sides of the Longmenshan fault zone (Huang, 2012)
龙门山断裂带西侧(松潘甘孜地块) 龙门山断裂带东侧(四川盆地) 界面深度/km P波速度/(km/s) 界面深度/km P波速度/(km/s) 0 5.0 0 4.5 4 5.4 3 5.0 7 5.8 7 5.4 10 6.0 10 6.0 15 6.2 15 6.4 30 6.4 25 6.8 40 6.7 40 7.5 50 6.9 50 8.0 60 7.8 60 8.3 70～100 8.3 70～100 8.3 
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