Research progress of the ultrahigh-temperature granulites in the Rauer Group, East Antarctica
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摘要: 茹尔群岛(又称赖于尔群岛)位于东南极普里兹构造带的东部边缘，是一个由太古宙和中元古代岩石组成的复合高级变质地体。中元古代岩石是含有富Fe-Al的含石榴子石-矽线石的费拉副片麻岩组合，经历了格林维尔和泛非两期变质作用。太古宙正片麻岩是含有富Mg-Al的含假蓝宝石的超高温泥质麻粒岩组合(梅瑟副片麻岩组合)，主要由经历超高温变质作用的含假蓝宝石的泥质麻粒岩、富Mg的石榴子石-矽线石泥质片麻岩、斜方辉石-矽线石石英岩、含石榴子石镁铁质麻粒岩和钙硅酸盐麻粒岩等组成。其中，含假蓝宝石泥质麻粒岩中石榴子石变斑晶和矽线石集合体(蓝晶石假象)周围分别发育峰期后由假蓝宝石+斜方辉石和假蓝宝石+堇青石后成合晶组成的典型减压结构。含石榴子石镁铁质麻粒岩中石榴子石变斑晶周围则发育峰期后由斜方辉石+斜长石后成合晶组成的典型白眼圈减压结构。不同研究者得出了具有不同超高温峰期条件、峰期前及峰期后演化历史、不同形式的顺时针变质P-T轨迹。对超高温变质事件发生的时间和构造背景的认识也存在较大分歧，有认为超高温变质事件发生于格林维尔期(~1000 Ma)并与碰撞造山和弧岩浆作用有关，也有研究认为发生于泛非期(~590 Ma或~530 Ma)并与普里兹造山及冈瓦纳大陆聚合有关。因此，为理清该区超高温麻粒岩的变质演化历史和构造背景，需要对其进一步进行详细深入的矿物组合-变质结构分析、P-T轨迹重建及高精度的锆石-独居石U-Pb年代学研究，并进行区域上对比。Abstract: The Rauer Group (Rauer Islands), located in the eastern margin of the Prydz Tectonic Belt in East Antarctica, represents a composite high-grade metamorphic terrane consisting of Archaean and Mesoproterozoic rocks. The Mesoproterozoic rocks contain Fe-Al-rich garnet-sillimanite-bearing Filla Paragneiss associations, and have experienced two phases of metamorphism involving Grenvillian and Pan-African events. The Archaean orthogneisses contain Mg-Al-rich sapphirine-bearing ultrahigh-temperature (UHT) pelitic granulite associations (Mather Paragneiss associations), and they consist mainly of sapphirine-bearing pelitic granulite, Mg-rich garnet-sillimanite-bearing pelitic paragneiss, orthopyroxene-sillimanite quartzite, garnet-bearing mafic granulite and calcsilicate granulite that experienced ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism. In the sapphirine-bearing pelitic granulite, typical post-peak decompression textures around garnet porphyroblasts and sillimanite aggregations (kyanite pseudomorph) developed as symplectite assemblages consisting of sapphirine-orthopyroxene and sapphirine-cordierite respectively. In the garnet-bearing mafic granulite, typical post-peak 'white-eye socket' decompression texture on garnet porphyroblast also developed as symplectite composed of orthopyroxene-plagioclase. Until recently, different researchers derived distinct-type clockwise P-T paths of various peak UHT conditions and pre-peak and post-peak evolution histories, whereas different opinions also exist regarding the timing of UHT metamorphic event and tectonic setting. For example, a UHT metamorphic event was considered to occur either during the Grenvillian period (~1000 Ma) associated with a collisional orogenesis and arc magmatism or during the Pan-African period (~590 Ma or~530 Ma) related to the Prydz orogenesis and the Gondwana continent assembly. Thus, in order to clarify the metamorphic evolution history and tectonic setting of the UHT granulites in the region, further detailed studies on analyses of the mineral assemblages and metamorphic textures and the reconstruction of P-T path as well as high-precesion zircon and monazite U-Pb chronological dating are needed, and regional geological comparison should also be undertaken.
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图 1 茹尔群岛与梅瑟半岛地质图(Tong and Wilson, 2006)
a—茹尔群岛岩石单元分布图(显示茹尔群岛(Rauer Group, RG)、西福尔丘陵(Vestfold Hills, VH)、拉斯曼丘陵(Larsemann Hills, LH)、布拉特滨海陡崖(Brattstrand Bluffs, BB)、姊妹岛(Søstrene Island, SI)和伯林根群岛(Bolingen Islands, BI)在普里兹湾的位置，断续线指示一条主要由500 m宽的面状高应变带定义的梅瑟剪切带)；b—梅瑟半岛的岩石单元和超高温麻粒岩样品位置(断续线代表识别出的厘米级至米级高级剪切带)；c—主要的片麻理的投影；d—主要的矿物拉伸线理的投影
Figure 1. Geological maps of the Rauer Group and Mather Peninsula (Tong and Wilson, 2006)
(a) Lithological unit map of the Rauer Group. Insert shows the locations of the Rauer Group (RG), the Vestfold Hills (VH), the Larsemann Hills (LH), the Brattstrand Bluffs (BB), Søstrene Island (SI) and the Bolingen Islands (BI), the dashed line shows the major Mather Shear Zone defined by a ~500 m wide planar high-strain zone; (b) Lithological distribution and sample locations on Mather Peninsula, the dashed lines show representative recognized cm- to m-wide high-grade shear zones; (c) Stereographic projections for the major foliation orientations; (d) Mineral elongation lineations on Mather Peninsula
图 2 代表性超高温麻粒岩的野外照片
a—富镁铝的超高温含假蓝宝石变泥质麻粒岩和互层的紫苏矽线石英岩(参照物铅笔长约15 cm)；b—富镁的石榴矽线泥质片麻岩及其中的粗粒含石榴子石浅色体(参照物地质锤长约30 cm)；c—富铁铝的石榴矽线泥质片麻岩透镜体，发育明显东南向倾的矿物拉伸线理(L6)和片麻理(S6)(参照物记号笔长约14 cm)；d—含石榴子石镁铁质麻粒岩布丁(参照物地质锤长约30 cm)
Figure 2. Representative field photographs of the UHT granulites on Mather Peninsula
(a) Mg-Al-rich UHT Spr-bearing metapelitic granulite and interlayered Opx-Sil-bearing quartzite, the pencil is 15 cm long as a scale; (b)Mg-rich Grt-Sil-bearing metapelitic gneiss and coarse-grained Grt-bearing leucosome, the hammer is 30 cm long as a scale; (c) Fe-Al-rich Grt-Sil-bearing metapelitic gneiss lens develop obvious SE-dipping mineral elongation lineation (L6) and foliation (S6), the marker is 14 cm long as a scale; (d) Grt-bearing mafic granulite boudin, the hammer is 30 cm long as a scale.
图 3 超高温麻粒岩中代表性的镜下显微照片
a—石榴子石变斑晶中的斜方辉石、矽线石、黑云母及斜长石等包裹体；b—矽线石集合体(蓝晶石假象)周围发育的峰期后假蓝宝石和堇青石后成合晶组合；c—浅色体中粗粒的假蓝宝石、斜方辉石及钾长石组合(视域宽2.0 mm)；d—石榴子石变斑晶周围发育的典型的峰期后斜方辉石和假蓝宝石后成合晶组合；e—石榴子石变斑晶中的蓝晶石包裹体(视域宽1.0 mm)；f—具有蓝晶石假象的矽线石变斑晶显示扭折变形特征；g—紫苏矽线石英岩中，富铝紫苏辉石变斑晶周围发育的峰期后堇青石和石英后成合晶组合；h—含石榴子石镁铁质麻粒岩中，单斜辉石周围的斜方辉石和斜长石反应边组合，石榴子石变斑晶周围的斜方辉石、斜长石及磁铁矿后成合晶组合
Figure 3. Representative microphotographs of the UHT granulites on Mather Peninsula
(a) Opx-Sil-Bt-Pl inclusions in garnet porphyroblast; (b)Post-peak Spr-Crd symplectite assemblage around Sil aggregates (Ky pseudomorph); (c)Coarse-grained Spr-Opx-Ksp assemblage in leucosome (sight width 2.0 cm); (d)Typical post-peak Spr-Opx symplectite assemblage on garnet porphyroblast; (e) Ky inclusions in garnet porphyroblast (sight width 1.0 cm); (f) Sil porphyroblast with Ky pseudomorph shows features of kink deformation; (g)Post-peak Crd-Qtz symplectite assemblage on Al-rich Opx prophyroblast in Opx-Sil-bearing quartzite; (h)Opx-Pl corona assemblage on Cpx grain and Opx-Pl-Mt symplectite assemblage on Grt prophyroblast in Grt-bearing mafic granulite
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