Development history of geological and mineral survey in China
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摘要: 中国是一个有五千多年历史的文明古国和古人类的栖居地。在浩如烟海的古籍和民间传说中，都有丰富的有关地质现象和地质作用的描述。社会生产力和生产关系的变革带来的科学技术进步和生产方式的突破使地质事业的发展呈现出阶段性。包括远古时代人类对地质现象的探索在内，文章把中国地质矿产调查事业的发展史划分为6个阶段，即石器时代的地质遗迹、远古时代的地质认知、启蒙时代的地质考察、奠基时代的地质调查研究、快速发展时期的地质工作和改革开放新时代的地质事业，分别论述了各个发展阶段地质矿产调查工作中的重要地质事件、地质工作的内容和特点、主要调查研究成果和对国家经济社会发展作出的贡献。
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关键词:
- 中国地质事业 /
- 地质调查与研究 /
- 矿产资源勘查 /
- 水文地质工程地质勘查 /
- 海洋地质调查研究
Abstract: China is an ancient civilization country with a history of 5000 years and the habitat of ancient human beings. There are abundant descriptions of geological phenomena and geological processes in the vast number of ancient books and folklore. Due to the scientific and technological progress and the breakthrough of production mode brought about by the transformation of social productive forces and production relations, the development of the geological cause is characterized by stages. Including the exploration of geological phenomena by human beings in ancient times, this paper divides the development history of China's geological cause into six stages: geological relics in the Stone Age; geological cognition in the Ancient Age; geological investigation in the Enlightenment Age; geological survey and research in the Foundation Age; geological work in the period of rapid development, and geological cause in the new era of reform and opening up. Each stage is further discussed in terms of the important geological events, the content and characteristics of geological work, the main research achievements and the contributions to the national economic and social development. -
图 1 旧石器时代人类使用的石器（黄宗理和张良弼，2006）
Figure 1. Stone tools used by human beings in the Paleolithic Age (Huang and Zhang, 2006)
图 5 张衡地动仪及《徐霞客游记》封面
Figure 5. Zhang Heng's seismometer and the cover of Xu Xiake's Travels
图 6 李希霍芬（1833—1905）头像及其《中国》一书封面
Figure 6. The profile portrait of F. V. Richthofen (1833–1905) and the cover of his book China
图 7 中国现代地质学的奠基人
自左至右：章鸿钊（1877—1951）、丁文江（1887—1936）、翁文灏（1889—1971）、李四光（1889—1971）
Figure 7. Founders of modern Chinese geology
From left to right: Zhang Hongzhao (1877–1951), Ding Wenjiang (1887–1936), Weng Wenhao (1889–1971), J. S. Lee (1889–1971)
图 8 北京兵马司九号中国地质调查所旧址
Figure 8. The former site of the Institute of China Geological Survey, No. 9, Bingmashi hutong, Beijing
图 9 中国地质学会会徽及期刊封面
Figure 9. The emblem of the Geological Society of China and the cover of its journals
图 10 李四光The Geology of China与黄汲清《中国主要地质构造单位》封面
Figure 10. The covers of The Geology of China by J. S. Lee and On Major Tectonic Forms of China by Huang Jiqing
图 11 中国地质工作计划指导委员会扩大会议代表和来宾合影（1950年11月1日）
Figure 11. Group photo of delegates and guests at the enlarged meeting of the Program Steering Committee of China's Geological Work (1950.11.1)
图 12 两轮中国区域地质志
a—第一轮中国区域地质志《中国区域地质概论》封面（程裕淇，1994）；b—第二轮已出版的12个省级中国区域地质志（李廷栋等，2022b）
Figure 12. The generation of the Regional Geology of China
(a) The first generation of An Introduction to the Regional Geology of China (Cheng, 1994) , (b) The second generation of the Regional Geology of China (12 published provincial regional geology; Li et al., 2022b)
图 13 南极长城站及中山站俯瞰图（来自中国极地研究中心网站
https://www.pric.org.cn/ ）Figure 13. Aerial view of the Great Wall Station and the Zhongshan Station in Antarctica (From the website of the Polar Research Institute of China
https://www.pric.org.cn/ )
图 14 山东威海市临港区永川采石场修复效果图（王文钰，2021）
Figure 14. Restoration effect picture of the Yongchuan quarry in Lingang District, Weihai City, Shandong Province (Wang, 2021)
图 15 中国地震及北方土地沙漠化分布图（杜秀荣和唐建军，2017）
Figure 15. Distribution Map of the earthquakes in China and the desertification in Northern China (Du and Tang, 2017)
图 16 中国中元古代地层新划分方案建议（李廷栋等，2022b）
Figure 16. Suggestion on the new division scheme of the Mesoproterozoic strata in China (Ling et al., 2022b)
图 17 中国侵入岩图（李廷栋等，2022b）
Figure 17. Map of intrusive rocks in China (Li et al., 2022b)
表 1 1978年全国主要矿产累计探明储量（赵腊平，2019a）
Table 1. Cumulate proved reserves of major minerals in China in 1978 （Zhao, 2019a）
矿种名称 单位 储量 矿种名称 单位 储量 石油 108 t 68.14 锌矿 金属，104 t 5162.4 天然气 108 m3 2300 钨矿 WO3，104 t 391.4 煤矿 108 t 7464.8 锡矿 金属，104 t 362.4 铀矿 104 t 略 钼矿 金属，104 t 417.8 铁矿 108 t 413.4 锑矿 金属，104 t 15.7 锰矿 108 t 2.674 稀土 氧化物，104 t 保有1597.5 铬铁矿 104 t 909.1 金矿 金属， t 948.7 铜矿 金属，104 t 5414.4 磷矿 108 t 89.31 铝土矿 108 t 10.1 硫铁矿 108 t 27.94 铅矿 金属，104 t 3244.3 钾盐 氯化钾，108 t 保有1.44 
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表 2 中国区域地质调查完成情况（截至2015年；中国地质调查百年史纲编写组，2016）
Table 2. Completion of the Regional Geological Survey of China (as of 2015; Editorial committee of Compiling Group of Centennial Outline of Chinese Geological Survey, 2016)
类别 种类 面积/104 km2 占全国陆地面积比例/% 区域地质（矿产）调查 1∶5万区域地质调查 347.86 36.6 1∶5万区域地质矿产调查 293.32 30.9 中比例尺区域地质调查（1∶20万及1∶25万） 862.80 90.9 区域地球物理调查 1∶5万区域重力调查 23.12 2.4 中比例尺区域重力调查（1∶20万及1∶25万） 656.42 69.1 航空物探测量 1∶5万航空磁测 479.02 50.5 1∶5万及大比例尺航空磁测 484.12 51.0 1∶10万航空磁测 364.26 38.4 1∶20万航空磁测 377.39 39.8 区域地球化学调查 1∶5万区域地球化学调查 246.38 26.0 中比例尺区域地球化学调查（1∶20万及1∶25万） 716.44 75.5 1∶5万土壤质量地球化学调查 13.81 1.5 1∶25万土壤质量地球化学调查 195.28 20.6 水文地质、环境地质调查 1∶5万水文地质调查 72.43 7.6 1∶5万水文地质调查 238.93 25.2 中比例尺区域水文地质调查（1∶20万及1∶25万） 710.02 74.8 1∶25万地下水污染调查 369.87 39.0 1∶5万环境地质调查 39.65 4.2 1∶25万环境地质调查 172.54 18.2 1∶5万地质灾害调查 107.06 11.3
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表 3 中国正式建立的“金钉子”剖面（中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所, 2013；赵元龙等，2021）
Table 3. Global standard strato type-sections in China （Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2013; Zhao et al., 2021）
序号 名称 地理位置 年代地层界线 批准时间 1 黄泥塘剖面 浙江常山 奥陶系达瑞威尔阶底界 1997 年 2 煤山D剖面 浙江长兴 印度阶底界（二叠系—三叠系界线） 2001 年 3 排碧剖面 湖南花垣 寒武系排碧阶（芙蓉统）底界界线 2003 年 4 蓬莱滩剖面 广西来宾 二叠系吴家坪阶（乐平统）界线 2004 年 5 煤山D剖面 浙江长兴 二叠系长兴阶底界 2005 年 6 王家湾剖面 湖北宜昌 奥陶系赫南特阶界线 2006 年 7 罗依溪剖面 湖南古丈 寒武系古丈阶界线 2008 年 8 黄花场剖面 湖北宜昌 奥陶系大坪阶底界 2008 年 9 碰冲剖面 广西柳州 石炭系维宪阶界线 2008 年 10 碓边村剖面 浙江江山 寒武系江山阶底界 2011 年 11 乌溜–曾家岩剖面 贵州剑河 寒武系乌溜阶（苗岭统）底界 2018 年
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