Model of tectonite-lithofacies zoning in ore-controlling faults of the Qingshan lead-zinc deposit in northwestern Guizhou
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摘要: 青山铅锌矿床是黔西北矿集区内威宁-水城成矿亚带的典型矿床之一，矿体产出严格受构造和岩性双重因素控制。含矿断裂带中构造岩既是构造变形作用的载体，也是相应变形环境的受体，其具有显著的分带特征。针对斜落走滑构造环境下弱蚀变构造岩与热液成矿成生联系研究的薄弱环节，基于构造岩-岩相学填图方法以及不同岩相带内节理、裂隙构造解析，系统采集不同构造岩-岩相带内定向构造岩样品，进行显微构造与地球化学分析，剖析不同岩相带内构造岩类型、物质组成、内部结构、构造及其分带特征，构建了该矿床构造岩-岩相分带模式，即从矿体向外，依次为：张裂岩相带→泥化相带（一、三中段及以上）→扭裂岩相带→压裂岩相带。扭裂岩相带内发育黄铁矿化、铅锌矿化、方解石化、弱白云石化，压裂岩相带内主要发育方解石化，矿化蚀变随着远离矿体呈现出从强变弱的变化规律，成矿环境也随着温度逐渐降低，呈现氧化→弱氧化-弱还原→还原的变化特征。同时，结合宏观和显微构造应力场分析，认为矿体外侧不同类型的构造岩是在统一构造应力场作用下，因不同位置的局部应力场变化而形成的不同类型的构造岩，发育在北西向断裂下盘的次级断裂不仅控制了矿体定位和形态产状，也控制了其外侧构造岩-岩相带。
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关键词:
- 构造岩-岩相学填图 /
- 构造岩-岩相分带模式 /
- 青山铅锌矿床 /
- 黔西北
Abstract: The Qingshan lead-zinc deposit is one of the typical deposits in the Weining-Shuicheng metallogenic subzone in the northwestern Guizhou ore concentration area, and orebodies are strictly controlled by both tectonic and lithologic factors. The tectonites in the ore-bearing fault zone with remarkable zoning characteristics are not only the hosts of deformation processes but also the responses for the environment of structure deformation. This paper focuses on the weak links in the study of the genetic connection between weakly altered tectonites and hydrothermal metallogenesis in the oblique strike-slip tectonic condition. Based on the tectonite-lithofacies zoning mapping method, we analyzed joints and fracture structures in different lithofacies belts, and systematically collected directional tectonite samples for microstructural and geochemical analysis. The tectonite type, material composition, internal texture and structure, and zoning characteristics were analyzed, and the zoning model of tectonite-lithofacies in this deposit was constructed. That is, outward from the orebody, the zoning sequence is as follows:the tensile initial cataclasite zone→the sludging zone (Level 1, 3 and above)→the torsional initial cataclasite zone→the compressive initial cataclasite zone. Pyritization, lead-zinc mineralization, calcitization and weak dolomitization occur in the torsional initial cataclasite zone, and calcitization occur in the compressive initial cataclasite zone. Mineralization-alteration changes from strong to weak as it moves away from the ore body, and the mineralization environment gradually decreases with the temperature, showing a tendency of oxidation→weak oxidation→weak reduction→reduction. Combined with the stress field analysis of macroscopic and microscopic structure, it is believed that different types of tectonites outside orebodies were caused by the changes in the partial stress field at different locations of the uniform tectonic stress field, and the secondary faults in the footwall of NW trending faults not only controlled the location and morphology of orebodies but also controlled the outward tectonite-lithofacies zone. -
图 1 黔西北地质构造略图
a—黔西北地区地质略图(1—地层界限；2—断层；3—城市；4—研究区矿床位置；5—省界；6—垭都-蟒洞成矿亚带；7—威宁-水城成矿亚带；8—银厂坡-云炉河成矿亚带；据金中国，2008修改)
b—威宁-水城成矿亚带区域地质图(1—下石炭统；2—上石炭统黄龙组；3—上石炭统马平组；4—下二叠统；5—上二叠统；6—下三叠统；7—中三叠统；8—上三叠统；9—下侏罗统；10—中侏罗统；11—上侏罗统；12—古近系；13—中型铅锌矿床；14—小型铅锌矿床；15—铅锌矿点；16—锌矿点；17—断层；18—向斜；19—背斜；据钱建平，2001修改)Figure 1. Geological map of the Weishui metallogenic belt in northwestern Guizhou
图 2 青山铅锌矿床地质简图
a—青山铅锌矿床地质图(1—第四系；2—下石炭统大铺租；3—上石炭统黄龙组；4—上石炭统马平组；5—中二叠统梁山组；6—中二叠统阳新组一阶；7—辉绿岩脉；8—矿体；9—实测断层；10—张性断层；11—张扭性断层；12—扭性断层；13—压性断层)
b—青山铅锌矿床主矿体剖面图(1—灰岩；2—页岩；3—角砾岩；4—矿体；5—角砾状灰岩；6—断裂；7—碎屑岩；据钱建平，2001修改)Figure 2. Simplified geological map of the Qingshan lead-zinc deposit
图 3 青山铅锌矿床一、三、五中段构造岩-岩相分带平面图
Figure 3. Plan of tectonite-lithofacies zoning for the Level 1, 3, 5 in the Qingshan lead-zinc deposit
图 4 青山铅锌矿床五中段构造岩-岩相分带实测图
1—矿体(张裂岩相带)；2—扭裂岩相带；3—压裂岩相带；4—断层；5—黄铁矿化；6—取样位置；7—节理(白色线条为节理内充填方解石脉)；Gn—方铅矿；Cc—方解石；Py—黄铁矿; σ1—最大主应力；σ3—最小主应力；图中产状表示方法为：走向∠倾角倾向(以下类同)
Figure 4. Measured map of tectenite-lithofacies zoning for the Level 5 in the Qingshan lead-zinc deposit
图 5 青山铅锌矿床三中段构造岩-岩相分带实测图
1—扭裂岩相带；2—泥化相带；3—矿体(张裂岩相带)；4—压裂岩相带；5—断层；6—含泥质裂隙；7—节理(白色线条为节理内充填方解石脉)；8—泥质胶结灰岩角砾; σ1—最大主应力；σ2—中间主应力；σ3—最小主应力
Figure 5. Measured map of tectonite-lithofacies zoning for the Level 3 in the Qingshan lead-zinc deposit
图 6 青山铅锌矿床一中段构造岩-岩相分带实测图
1—扭裂岩相带；2—泥化相带；3—矿体(张裂岩相带)；4—压裂岩相带；5—断裂；6—含泥质裂隙；7—取样位置; 8—节理(白色线条为节理内充填方解石脉)；σ1—最大主应力；σ3—最小主应力
Figure 6. Measured map of tectonite-lithofacies zoning for the Level 1 in the Qingshan lead-zinc deposit
图 7 显微构造变形现象照片
a—QS-507泥晶砂屑灰岩，J1(118°)张裂隙，J2(145°)扭裂隙；b—QS-507泥晶砂屑灰岩，J3(125°)扭裂隙，压融缝合线(185°)，内充填铁质、泥质；c—QS-510球粒灰岩, J4(35°)压扭性裂隙; d—QS-510-3生物碎屑灰岩，J6(358°)扭裂隙；e —QS-511-1球粒灰岩，J7(200°)、J8(220°)扭裂隙；f—QS-511-1球粒灰岩，J9(200°)扭裂隙，J10(140°)张裂隙；g—QS-512生物碎屑灰岩，含少量白云石，J11(128°)、J12(208°)扭裂隙；h—QS-514生物碎屑灰岩，J13(175°)、J14(305°)张裂隙；i—QS-521生物碎屑灰岩，J15(265°)张裂隙，J16(325°)、J17(250°)扭裂隙
Figure 7. Photos of the microstructural deformation
图 8 构造岩稀土元素球粒陨石配分模式图
Figure 8. Chondrite-normalized REE distribution patterns for tectonites
图 9 张扭性破裂面内矿物动力结晶分异方式(杨开庆，1986)
Figure 9. Dynamic crystallization differentiation of minerals in tensile torsional fracture surface (Yang, 1986)
图 10 青山铅锌矿床构造岩-岩相分带模式图
Figure 10. Tectonite-lithofacies zoning model of the Qingshan lead-zinc deposit
表 1 青山铅锌矿床显微构造统计表
Table 1. Microstructural statistics of the Qingshan lead-zinc deposit
样品号 岩性 微观特征 力学机制 主压应力方向σ1 时间 宏观对应性 QS-507 泥晶砂屑灰岩 J1(118°)裂面锯齿状，为一条张性方解石脉，J2(145°)为J1旁侧构造，裂面平直为一扭性方解石脉，指示J1发生右行扭动，另见一组压融缝合线构造(185°)将J3(125°)右行错断 早期在北西向主压应力作用下形成J1、J2，后期主压应力转变为北东向岩石受到挤压形成缝合线构造并将早期形成的方解石脉右行错断 305°—320°
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55°—70°成矿期-成矿后 与F1、F2及北西向层间断裂主压应力方向一致 QS-510 球粒灰岩 J4(35°)裂面呈缓波状，为一条压扭性方解石脉，J5为J4旁侧构造，裂面呈锯齿状，指示J4发生左行扭动 在北西向主压应力作用下形成压扭性的J4，J4发生左行扭动形成其旁侧构造J5 310°—325° 成矿期 与扭裂岩相带内北东向裂隙主压应力方向一致 QS-510-3 生物碎屑灰岩 J6(358°)裂面较平直，为一条扭性方解石脉，其旁侧发育多条压性方解石脉，为J6扭动下派生的旁侧构造，指示J6发生左行扭动 在北西向主压应力作用下形成扭压性的J6，J6发生左行扭动派生出旁侧多条压性裂隙并充填方解石脉 305°—320° 成矿期 与扭裂岩相带内北东向裂隙主压应力方向一致 QS-511-1 球粒灰岩 两条共轭方解石脉J7(200°)、J8(220°)呈小角度相交，J7裂面较平直呈扭性，J8裂面缓波状呈压扭性。J9(200°)裂面较平直，为一条扭性方解石脉，其旁侧发育一条张扭性方解石脉J10(140°)，指示J9发生左行扭动 共轭节理呈小角度相交，其钝角角平分线为主压应力方向，同时扭性节理旁侧构造指示方解石脉发生左行扭动，说明该点处裂隙为北西向主压应力下形成 305°—320° 成矿期 与压裂岩相带内共轭方解石脉、北西向层间破碎带主压应力方向一致 QS-512 生物碎屑灰岩 J11(128°)、J12(208°)为一组共轭方解石脉，脉体形态呈缓波状具有压扭性特征 北东向挤压下形成 55°—70° 成矿后 与北东向层间破碎带主压应力方向一致 QS-514 生物碎屑灰岩 J13(175°)裂面呈微锯齿状，J14(305°)为其旁侧构造，裂面呈锯齿状，指示J13发生左行扭动，在方解石脉外侧颗粒较为破碎充填泥质 早期在北西向主压应力作用下形成张扭性J13及旁侧J14，后期受到北东向挤压改造，将泥质压入方解石脉外侧 305°—320°
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55°—70°成矿期-成矿后 与F1、F2及北西向层间断裂主压应力方向一致 QS-521 生物碎屑灰岩 J15(265°)裂面呈微锯齿状，具张扭性特征，旁侧扭性方解石脉指示其发生左行扭动，J16(325°)、J17(250°)为两组扭性方解石脉，J15将J16右行错断，J16将J17左行错断 三组方解石脉为三个不同阶段的产物，同在北西向主压应力作用下形成，产生不同的切割关系 305°—320° 成矿期 与F1、F2及北西向层间断裂主压应力方向一致 
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表 2 青山铅锌矿床五中段各构造岩相带及未蚀变原岩主量元素及Pb、Zn含量
Table 2. Main elements and Pb and Zn contents in each tectofacies zone of the Level 5 in the Qingshan lead-zinc deposit
岩相分带 样品号 CaO TFe2O3 MgO MnO SiO2 SO3 LOI Zn Pb 原岩 QS-602 56.40 0.03 0.14 0.01 0.07 0.01 42.51 14 2 压裂岩相带 QS-61(非矿化) 56.10 0.07 0.26 0.01 0.05 0.04 43.62 86 39 QS-62(非矿化) 56.30 0.12 0.19 0.15 0.09 0.06 43.55 62 20 平均值 56.20 0.10 0.23 0.08 0.07 0.05 43.59 74 29 扭裂岩相带 QS-51(非矿化) 56.50 0.09 0.35 0.01 0.20 0.08 43.35 225 50 QS-56(矿化) 54.80 0.96 0.21 0.06 0.20 1.12 41.78 0.86 0.35 QS-70(矿化) 55.60 0.63 0.24 0.01 0.12 1.62 41.86 0.37 0.11 QS-86(矿化) 50.40 6.03 0.18 0.11 0.32 11.10 32.04 0.32 0.35 平均值 54.33 1.99 0.25 0.05 0.21 3.84 39.76 0.39 0.20 张裂岩相(矿石)带 QS-59(矿石) 2.78 39.90 0.20 0.04 0.12 > 50 24.12 19.60 3.78 注：测试单位为广州澳实分析测试中心(ICP-MS法)测试误差5%以内，主量元素单位为%，非矿化岩石的Pb、Zn单位为10-6，矿化岩石、矿石Pb、Zn单位为%。
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表 3 青山铅锌矿床构造岩稀土元素含量
Table 3. REE content in tectonites of the Qingshan lead-zinc deposit
构造岩相带 位置 样品号 La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Y ΣREE 压裂岩相带灰岩 一中段 QS-283 1.70 1.50 0.28 1.20 0.24 0.06 0.34 0.06 0.34 0.07 0.20 0.03 0.19 0.03 3.90 6.24 QS-287 1.10 1.00 0.18 0.80 0.18 0.04 0.20 0.03 0.18 0.04 0.13 0.02 0.12 0.02 2.50 4.04 五中段 QS-80-2 1.20 1.60 0.22 1.00 0.19 0.05 0.29 0.05 0.30 0.06 0.18 0.03 0.17 0.03 3.20 5.37 QS-81 0.80 0.70 0.13 0.60 0.10 0.03 0.15 0.03 0.14 0.03 0.09 0.02 0.09 0.01 2.10 2.92 QS-62 0.90 1.20 0.19 0.70 0.17 0.06 0.21 0.04 0.20 0.03 0.08 0.01 0.07 0.01 1.70 3.87 扭裂岩相带灰岩 一中段 QS-278 0.80 0.40 0.12 0.50 0.11 0.03 0.12 0.02 0.16 0.04 0.13 0.02 0.13 0.02 2.00 2.60 QS-276 1.10 1.10 0.20 0.80 0.17 0.05 0.23 0.05 0.32 0.06 0.17 0.03 0.16 0.03 2.60 4.47 QS-281 0.70 0.70 0.12 0.50 0.12 0.04 0.13 0.03 0.19 0.04 0.13 0.02 0.12 0.02 1.90 2.86 五中段 QS-52 3.40 4.10 0.61 2.30 0.43 0.13 0.43 0.07 0.39 0.08 0.21 0.03 0.20 0.03 3.40 12.41 QS-53 2.30 2.20 0.39 1.60 0.27 0.10 0.36 0.06 0.32 0.06 0.15 0.02 0.12 0.02 3.70 7.97 QS-70 0.90 0.90 0.18 0.80 0.16 0.06 0.26 0.04 0.27 0.06 0.16 0.02 0.13 0.02 3.00 3.96 QS-70-2 1.00 0.90 0.17 0.80 0.15 0.05 0.22 0.04 0.20 0.04 0.12 0.02 0.14 0.02 2.70 3.87 QS-86 1.90 3.40 0.52 2.50 0.57 0.17 0.65 0.10 0.63 0.12 0.34 0.05 0.29 0.04 5.60 11.28 泥化相带 一中段 QS-277-2 11.00 19.80 2.50 10.00 1.50 0.30 1.40 0.20 1.00 0.20 0.60 0.10 0.60 0.10 7.00 49.30 矿石(张裂岩相带) 五中段 QS-54 1.10 0.80 0.15 0.60 0.08 0.05 0.10 0.02 0.12 0.02 0.06 0.01 0.07 0.01 1.50 3.19 QS-59 0.70 0.60 0.11 0.40 0.06 0.04 0.06 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.60 2.12 QS-66-2 0.70 0.40 0.08 0.40 0.06 0.03 0.12 0.02 0.13 0.03 0.08 0.01 0.07 0.01 0.70 2.14
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表 4 青山铅锌矿床构造岩稀土元素特征值
Table 4. REE characteristic values in tectonites of the Qingshan lead-zinc deposit
构造岩相带 位置 样品号 LREE HREE LREE/HREE LaN/YbN δEu δCe 压裂岩相带灰岩 一中段 QS-283 4.98 1.26 3.95 6.42 0.64 0.48 QS-287 3.30 0.74 4.46 6.58 0.64 0.50 五中段 QS-80-2 4.26 1.11 3.84 5.12 0.64 0.71 QS-81 2.36 0.56 4.21 6.38 0.74 0.48 QS-62 3.22 0.65 4.95 9.22 0.97 0.68 扭裂岩相带灰岩 一中段 QS-278 1.96 0.64 3.06 4.41 0.79 0.28 QS-276 3.42 1.05 3.26 4.93 0.77 0.53 QS-281 2.18 0.68 3.21 4.18 0.97 0.54 五中段 QS-52 10.97 1.44 7.62 12.19 0.91 0.65 QS-53 6.86 1.11 6.18 13.75 0.98 0.52 QS-70 3.00 0.96 3.13 4.97 0.90 0.52 QS-70-2 3.07 0.80 3.84 5.12 0.84 0.49 QS-86 9.06 2.22 4.08 4.70 0.85 0.82 泥化相带 一中段 QS-277-2 45.10 4.20 10.74 13.15 0.62 0.89 矿石(张裂岩相带) 五中段 QS-54 2.78 0.41 6.78 11.27 1.71 0.42 QS-59 1.91 0.21 9.10 16.74 2.02 0.48 QS-66-2 1.67 0.47 3.55 7.17 1.06 0.34
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