Sedimentary paleo-environment and organic matter enrichment in the Lucaogou Formation of the Jimsar Sag
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摘要:
吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组是陆相盆地页岩油勘探开发的主力层位, 但其古环境信息与有机质富集机理尚不明确。为了深入研究二叠系芦草沟组的沉积古环境, 在岩心和薄片观察的基础上, 通过X射线荧光光谱(XRF)和电感耦合等离子质谱(ICP-MS)对J10025井26块烃源岩样品进行主微量元素测试, 并结合GC-MS生物标志化合物数据与典型沉积构造反映芦草沟组古环境特征。古气候指数C值、Sr/Cu、Sr/Ba、V/Cr、Pr/Ph、P、Co元素等地化指标表明, 芦草沟组整体上为干旱—半干旱的咸化湖泊沉积环境, 沉积时期水体较深, 且为贫氧—缺氧的状态。其中, 芦草沟组上段整体为半干旱气候、微咸水环境, 还原性相对较弱, 水体较深, 生产力较高, 但环境波动较大; 芦草沟组下段环境比较稳定, 气候极度干旱, 盐度较高, 还原性相对较强, 水体较浅, 生产力较低。古环境指标与TOC含量的相关性分析结果显示, 有机质的保存条件以及稀释速率对芦草沟组有机质富集的影响比较有限, 而初级生产力大小是芦草沟组有机质富集的主控因素。
Abstract:The Lucaogou Formation in the Jimsar Sag is the main target layer of shale oil exploration and development in continental basins. However, its paleo-environmental information and organic matter enrichment mechanism still need to be determined. In order to investigate the paleo-environment of the Permian Lucaogou Formation, based on core and thin section observation, we carried out major and trace element analyses on 26 source rocks from Well J10025 by using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy(XRF) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS). This analysis, combined with GC-MS biomarker data and typical sedimentary structures, reflects the paleo-environmental characteristics of the Luchaogou Formation. Geochemical indicators such as C-value, Sr/Ba, V/Cr, Pr/Ph, P, and Co show that the Lucaogou Formation was generally developed in a saline lake environment under an arid to semi-arid climate, with relatively deep water during deposition and hypoxic to anoxic conditions. The upper member was deposited in a semi-arid, brackish lake with weak reducibility, deep water body, and high productivity. In contrast, the lower member was deposited in an extremely dry, highly saline, and strongly reductive shallow lake with low productivity. The paleo-environment of the upper member fluctuated wildly, while that of the lower member was relatively stable. The correlation analyses between paleo-environmental indicators and TOC show that the preservation conditions and dilution rate of organic matter have limited influence on organic matter enrichment of the Lucaogou Formation. At the same time, the primary productivity is the main controlling factor.
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Key words:
- Jimsar /
- the Lucaogou Formation /
- shale oil /
- sedimentary paleo-environment /
- organic matter enrichment
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图 1 准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔凹陷构造位置及J10025井地层特征
Figure 1. Structural location of the Jimsar Sag in the Junggar Basin and stratigraphic column of Well J10025
图 2 J10025井芦草沟组岩心与岩石薄片特征
a、d、g、j为岩心照片；b、e、h、k为透射光；c、f、i、l为正交偏光
a—c—泥岩，可见鱼鳞化石，上段顶部，3530.8 m；d—f—云质岩屑细砂岩，上段中部，3549.3 m；g—i—白云质泥岩，发育白云石纹层，上段底部，3603.1 m；j—l—灰质泥岩，下段，3685.5 m，下半部分用茜素红染色Figure 2. Photographs of cores and thin sections of the Lucaogou Formation in Well J10025
(a-c)Mudstone with fish scales, the top of the upper member, 3530.8 m; (d-f)Dolomitic lithic fine sandstone, the middle of the upper member, 3549.3 m; (g-i)Dolomitic mudstone with dolomitic lamina, the bottom of the upper member, 3603.1 m; (j-l)Calcareous mudstone, half of the sample is alizarin red stained, the lower member, 3685.5 m
Core photos in the left column, transmitted light in the middle and orthogonal light in the right
图 3 J10025井芦草沟组沉积构造
a—方解石型石膏假晶，3701.3 m；b—泄水构造，3576.6 m；c—干裂碎片，3595.4 m
Figure 3. Photographs of sedimentary structures of the Lucaogou Formation in Well J10025
(a) Calcite gypsum pseudocrystals, 3701.3 m; (b) Drainage structure, 3576.6 m; (c) Cracked fragments, 3595.4 m
图 4 J10025井芦草沟组主微量元素富集程度
a—主量元素富集程度；b—微量元素富集程度
Figure 4. Concentration of major and trace elements of the Lucaogou Formation in Well J10025
(a) Concentration of major elements; (b) Concentration of trace elements
图 5 J10025井芦草沟组饱和烃总离子流量特征
a—上段顶部；b—上段中部；c—上段底部；d—下段
Figure 5. Total ion chromatogram of saturated hydrocarbon of the Lucaogou Formation in Well J10025
(a) The top of the upper member; (b) The middle of the upper member; (c) The bottom of the upper member; (d) The lower member
图 6 J10025井芦草沟组C值-Sr/Cu交会图
Figure 6. Crossplot of C-value and Sr/Cu of the Lucaogou Formation in Well J10025
图 7 J10025井芦草沟组Pr/Ph与GI交会图
Figure 7. Crossplot of Pr/Ph and GI of the Lucaogou Formation in Well J10025
图 8 J10025井芦草沟组古环境演化特征
Figure 8. Evolution of paleoenvironment of the Lucaogou Formation in Well J10025
图 9 J10025井芦草沟组古环境指标与TOC含量相关性分析
Figure 9. Correlation analyses between paleo-environment indicators and TOC content of the Lucaogou Formation in Well J10025
表 1 J10025井芦草沟组TOC含量与主量元素含量
Table 1. Contents of TOC and major elements of the Lucaogou Formation in Well J10025
层位 样品 深度/m TOC含量/% SiO2/% Al2O3/% MgO/% Na2O/% K2O/% P2O5/% TiO2/% CaO/% Fe2O3/% MnO/% 上段 J-26 3499.5 5.77 18.68 4.58 0.67 0.52 0.53 0.13 0.18 1.10 2.46 0.03 J-25 3506.8 1.81 62.71 11.69 2.44 0.54 1.94 0.23 0.56 7.47 6.21 0.16 J-24 3515.0 7.76 65.33 11.85 1.68 1.18 3.29 0.40 0.62 2.84 3.92 0.09 J-23 3523.7 6.81 18.08 4.16 0.42 1.58 0.61 0.10 0.14 1.05 1.51 0.03 J-22 3526.1 5.74 16.46 4.34 0.49 2.02 0.91 0.27 0.20 0.64 1.91 0.04 J-21 3530.8 14.93 14.84 3.70 0.62 1.25 0.70 0.29 0.14 1.08 2.33 0.05 J-20 3547.8 5.53 15.49 4.16 0.81 1.81 1.01 0.09 0.17 0.41 2.01 0.02 J-19 3569.2 3.10 10.76 3.34 2.01 1.69 0.87 0.03 0.13 1.96 1.54 0.04 J-18 3570.5 6.75 10.24 3.05 2.06 1.82 0.48 0.03 0.11 1.07 1.32 0.02 J-17 3574.2 19.60 55.68 8.74 1.26 2.82 1.99 0.46 0.41 4.54 2.81 0.13 J-16 3576.6 16.97 6.10 2.44 0.41 1.20 0.51 0.09 0.10 1.48 1.86 0.04 J-15 3595.4 15.80 46.24 8.64 4.52 3.22 2.05 0.13 0.39 5.67 2.67 0.08 J-14 3603.1 7.04 38.92 7.12 8.42 2.26 1.66 0.22 0.28 13.85 3.29 0.15 J-13 3613.7 6.98 53.72 9.84 5.56 4.38 1.75 0.10 0.48 6.00 4.65 0.13 平均值 8.90 30.94 6.26 2.24 1.88 1.31 0.18 0.28 3.51 2.75 0.07 下段 J-12 3624.3 3.62 49.98 9.74 6.05 4.64 1.99 0.07 0.51 6.98 3.34 0.13 J-11 3629.2 2.29 55.41 9.74 2.88 4.40 1.71 0.08 0.44 8.92 2.13 0.12 J-10 3664.3 4.20 52.01 8.90 4.46 3.55 1.79 0.11 0.34 9.94 2.90 0.12 J-09 3679.5 3.11 49.71 8.56 6.69 3.67 1.44 0.07 0.35 10.32 4.08 0.13 J-08 3681.6 2.44 52.87 9.50 5.16 3.92 2.29 0.06 0.39 7.39 4.30 0.13 J-07 3684.5 3.48 39.19 7.97 8.09 3.62 1.68 0.09 0.38 12.67 3.56 0.13 J-06 3685.5 5.82 58.81 11.19 2.51 4.00 3.39 0.15 0.60 3.45 2.67 0.08 J-05 3695.3 2.50 39.14 8.19 5.27 3.04 2.66 0.17 0.44 15.44 3.59 0.12 J-04 3696.9 1.95 42.57 8.35 9.31 3.01 2.33 0.04 0.36 11.31 2.98 0.18 J-03 3699.9 5.73 50.47 9.43 4.90 3.10 2.80 0.08 0.43 8.43 3.05 0.13 J-02 3701.3 7.87 29.90 6.37 8.39 2.52 1.66 0.11 0.28 17.03 2.67 0.09 J-01 3708.3 4.85 43.00 8.09 7.35 2.99 1.95 0.09 0.36 12.42 2.83 0.15 平均值 3.99 46.92 8.83 5.92 3.54 2.14 0.09 0.41 10.36 3.17 0.13 平均值 6.63 38.32 7.45 3.94 2.64 1.69 0.14 0.34 6.67 2.95 0.10 上地壳(UCC) — 49.50 15.80 4.40 3.20 1.88 0.20 0.70 6.40 6.60 0.14 
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表 2 J10025井芦草沟组微量元素特征
Table 2. Trace elements characteristics of the Lucaogou Formation in Well J10025
层位 样品 深度/m B/(μg/g) Ga/(μg/g) Sr/(μg/g) V/(μg/g) Cr/(μg/g) Co/(μg/g) Ni/(μg/g) Th/(μg/g) U/(μg/g) Cu/(μg/g) Ba/(μg/g) 上段 J-26 3499.5 196.0 12.0 169.0 78.3 26.6 10.40 28.9 4.4 2.16 36.3 170 J-25 3506.8 300.0 11.6 265.0 80.3 25.3 4.61 11.4 5.7 1.21 24.2 189 J-24 3515.0 363.0 13.5 321.0 108.0 33.0 12.20 42.5 7.0 4.26 57.2 425 J-23 3523.7 60.7 12.3 229.0 70.5 181.0 13.20 93.5 4.9 2.65 98.0 370 J-22 3526.1 74.3 17.1 293.0 91.9 373.0 16.70 209.0 7.4 6.81 79.6 598 J-21 3530.8 69.9 10.9 223.0 77.2 419.0 15.90 187.0 4.2 5.61 66.2 261 J-20 3547.8 128.0 20.0 116.0 136.0 52.0 12.70 45.0 5.6 3.05 60.7 445 J-19 3569.2 132.0 13.3 161.0 74.1 37.0 10.60 24.5 4.1 1.50 33.1 337 J-18 3570.5 74.1 11.1 304.0 55.2 225.0 5.21 95.3 1.5 1.53 112.0 508 J-17 3574.2 83.7 9.0 223.0 68.5 29.1 7.82 22.0 8.2 3.88 28.5 204 J-16 3576.6 88.7 10.2 293.0 70.0 28.2 7.66 25.7 5.2 2.78 31.0 281 J-15 3595.4 91.8 6.8 429.0 62.1 20.4 5.21 17.8 52.3 7.04 21.9 199 J-14 3603.1 51.1 5.7 683.0 65.3 146.0 6.34 57.8 13.5 3.68 51.5 324 J-13 3613.7 129.0 12.6 159.0 87.9 35.4 9.76 35.3 3.3 1.44 29.2 252 平均值 131.6 11.9 276.3 80.4 116.5 9.90 64.0 9.1 3.40 52.1 326 下段 J-12 3624.3 112.0 7.4 604.0 67.2 22.2 6.80 19.2 21.7 3.79 31.9 288 J-11 3629.2 106.0 7.3 433.0 40.4 26.9 7.29 19.0 3.6 1.52 8.3 377 J-10 3664.3 98.1 8.6 506.0 86.2 21.7 5.82 15.2 7.8 2.72 24.5 292 J-09 3679.5 136.0 7.2 343.0 63.0 22.7 4.46 12.7 2.8 1.47 15.7 218 J-08 3681.6 118.0 11.4 523.0 87.9 32.8 6.20 19.4 3.0 2.29 15.5 234 J-07 3684.5 89.9 6.7 710.0 91.3 20.5 4.84 15.8 2.1 1.08 16.3 250 J-06 3685.5 82.5 9.5 579.0 91.2 23.5 8.63 30.6 10.5 2.43 43.0 459 J-05 3695.3 112.0 9.6 771.0 130.1 38.9 11.01 31.1 18.0 6.00 38.1 426 J-04 3696.9 172.0 8.7 614.0 83.3 27.5 9.46 24.9 2.1 2.29 18.9 269 J-03 3699.9 128.0 10.0 489.0 113.0 37.6 7.16 25.9 2.9 1.39 50.3 377 J-02 3701.3 55.2 5.7 832.0 93.9 163.0 10.50 109.0 11.7 2.84 103.0 327 J-01 3708.3 103.0 5.2 885.0 95.5 19.6 5.48 17.0 4.6 1.14 22.1 202 平均值 109.4 8.1 607.4 86.9 38.1 7.30 28.3 7.6 2.40 32.3 310 平均值 121.3 10.1 429.1 83.4 80.3 8.70 47.5 8.4 2.90 43.0 319 上地壳(UCC) — 16.0 325.0 131.0 119.0 25.00 51.0 5.6 1.40 24.0 390
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表 3 J10025井芦草沟组古气候与古盐度指标
Table 3. Paleo-climate and paleo-salinity proxies of the Lucaogou Formation in Well J10025
层位 古气候指标 古盐度指标 Sr/Cu C值 CIA Sr/Ba B/Ga GI 上段 $\frac{1.91 \sim 19.59}{6.83}$ $\frac{0.11 \sim 1.14}{0.54}$ $\frac{44 \sim 79}{58}$ $\frac{0.26 \sim 2.16}{0.96}$ $\frac{4.35 \sim 26.89}{11.32}$ $\frac{0.10 \sim 0.24}{0.19}$ 下段 $\frac{8.08 \sim 52.23}{26.25}$ $\frac{0.07 \sim 0.21}{0.13}$ $\frac{46 \sim 52}{49}$ $\frac{1.15 \sim 4.38}{2.10}$ $\frac{8.72 \sim 19.85}{13.85}$ $\frac{0.20 \sim 0.26}{0.23}$ 芦草沟组 $\frac{1.91 \sim 52.23}{15.79}$ $\frac{0.07 \sim 1.14}{0.35}$ $\frac{44 \sim 79}{54}$ $\frac{0.26 \sim 4.38}{1.49}$ $\frac{4.35 \sim 26.89}{12.49}$ $\frac{0.10 \sim 0.26}{0.21}$ 注：$\frac{{ 最小值 \sim 最大值 }}{\text { 平均值 }}$
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表 4 J10025井芦草沟组氧化还原条件指标
Table 4. Paleo-redox proxies of the Lucaogou Formation in Well J10025
层位 氧化还原指标 V/Cr V/(V+Ni) Pr/Ph β-胡萝卜烷指数 上段 $\frac{0.18 \sim 3.27}{1.85}$ $\frac{0.29 \sim 0.88}{0.62}$ $\frac{0.47 \sim 1.50}{1.00}$ $\frac{1.19 \sim 66.47}{21.84}$ 下段 $\frac{0.54 \sim 4.87}{3.09}$ $\frac{0.46 \sim 0.85}{0.77}$ $\frac{0.19 \sim 1.14}{0.64}$ $\frac{2.86 \sim 34.69}{10.01}$ 芦草
沟组$\frac{0.18 \sim 4.87}{2.42}$ $\frac{0.29 \sim 0.88}{0.69}$ $\frac{0.19 \sim 1.50}{0.82}$ $\frac{1.19 \sim 66.47}{15.93}$ 注：$\frac{{ 最小值 \sim 最大值 }}{\text { 平均值 }}$
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表 5 Co元素计算J10025井芦草沟组古水深参数
Table 5. Paleo-water depth parameters of the Lucaogou Formation by Co calculation
层位 样品 深度/m SCo/(μg/g) SLa/(μg/g) t Vs/(mm/a) h/m 上段 J-26 3499.5 10.40 13.90 0.36 0.46 31.11 J-25 3506.8 4.61 20.30 0.52 1.84 3.86 J-24 3515.0 12.20 31.60 0.81 0.48 29.39 J-23 3523.7 13.20 22.90 0.59 0.38 40.73 J-22 3526.1 16.70 26.60 0.68 0.30 59.85 J-21 3530.8 15.90 16.40 0.42 0.29 62.69 J-20 3547.8 12.70 31.40 0.81 0.45 32.18 J-19 3569.2 10.60 19.50 0.50 0.48 28.62 J-18 3570.5 5.21 17.90 0.46 1.31 6.46 J-17 3574.2 7.82 13.80 0.35 0.65 18.45 J-16 3576.6 7.66 17.00 0.44 0.71 16.06 J-15 3595.4 5.21 26.90 0.69 2.02 3.36 J-14 3603.1 6.34 14.90 0.38 0.88 11.71 J-13 3613.7 9.76 17.90 0.46 0.53 25.32 下段 J-12 3624.3 6.80 22.80 0.58 0.98 9.87 J-11 3629.2 7.29 17.00 0.44 0.76 14.50 J-10 3664.3 5.82 18.60 0.48 1.12 8.19 J-09 3679.5 4.46 12.40 0.32 1.35 6.18 J-08 3681.6 6.20 19.30 0.49 1.03 9.23 J-07 3684.5 4.84 10.60 0.27 1.12 8.12 J-06 3685.5 8.63 37.70 0.97 0.97 10.03 J-05 3695.3 11.01 10.55 0.27 0.41 36.67 J-04 3696.9 9.46 17.10 0.44 0.54 24.31 J-03 3699.9 7.16 21.00 0.54 0.86 12.05 J-02 3701.3 10.50 18.40 0.47 0.48 28.78 J-01 3708.3 5.48 16.00 0.41 1.12 8.10
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表 6 J10025井芦草沟组古水深、古生产力与碎屑输入指标
Table 6. Paleo-water depth, paleo-productivity and detrital input proxies of the Lucaogou Formation in Well J10025
层位 古水深/m 古生产力 碎屑输入 Mn/Fe分析 Co分析 TOC含量/% P含量/% P/Ti Al2O3/TiO2 上段 $\frac{0.01 \sim 0.04}{0.03}$ $\frac{3.36 \sim 62.69}{26.41}$ $\frac{1.81 \sim 19.60}{8.90}$ $\frac{0.01 \sim 0.20}{0.08}$ $\frac{0.05 \sim 1.05}{0.38}$ $\frac{19 \sim 29}{24}$ 下段 $\frac{0.03 \sim 0.05}{0.04}$ $\frac{6.18 \sim 36.67}{14.67}$ $\frac{1.95 \sim 7.87}{3.99}$ $\frac{0.02 \sim 0.07}{0.04}$ $\frac{0.09 \sim 0.37}{0.24}$ $\frac{19 \sim 26}{22}$ 芦草沟组 $\frac{0.01 \sim 0.05}{0.03}$ $\frac{3.36 \sim 62.69}{20.99}$ $\frac{1.81 \sim 19.60}{6.63}$ $\frac{0.01 \sim 0.20}{0.06}$ $\frac{0.05 \sim 1.05}{0.31}$ $\frac{19 \sim 29}{23}$ 注：$\frac{{ 最小值 \sim 最大值 }}{\text { 平均值 }}$
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