Provenance characteristics and risk analysis of debris flows in Siergou, Lanzhou City
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摘要:
寺儿沟流域位于甘肃省兰州市西固区, 历史上曾发生过大规模泥石流, 造成重大人员伤亡和财产损失。文章基于野外调查和遥感解译, 结合已有文献成果和室内测试, 研究寺儿沟泥石流物源特征及影响因素, 采用FLO-2D软件模拟分析泥石流的危险性。研究结果表明: 寺儿沟以黏性泥石流为主, 表现为低频活动, 目前处于衰退期; 寺儿沟流域内物源丰富, 可分为坡面型物源、崩滑型物源、沟道型物源和人为型物源共4种, 其中崩滑型、沟道型物源控制了泥石流的暴发规模; 而一次性冲出量的大小主要取决于泥石流起动时崩滑体的发育程度, 崩滑体越发育, 一次性冲出量越大, 泥石流规模越大; 在临界降雨条件下, 寺儿沟将会暴发泥石流, 中—高危险区集中于流通区, 严重威胁冲沟内构筑物如兰西高铁、环城高速等安全运营。当遭遇极端强降雨时, 寺儿沟将暴发更大规模泥石流。因此, 有必要进一步研究极端天气条件下泥石流的危险性, 为区内泥石流的防灾减灾提供地质依据。
Abstract:Located in the Xigu District of Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, the Siergou watershed has historically experienced large-scale debris flows that have caused significant casualties and property damage. Based on the field survey and remote sensing interpretation, we studied the characteristics of the material source and influencing factors of the debris flows in Siergou through existing literature and indoor tests. We used the FLO-2D software to simulate and analyze the risk of debris flows. The results show that Siergou is dominated by viscous debris flows, which exhibit low-frequency activity and are currently in recession. There are abundant material sources in the Siergou watershed, which can be classified into four types: slope-type, landslide-type, ditch-type, and manmade-type, among which the landslide-type and ditch-type source control the outbreak scale of debris flow. The volume of a one-time flush-out mainly depends on the development degree of a landslide when the landslide occurs. The more developed the landslide is, the larger the one-time flush-out volume is and the larger the scale of the debris flow is. Under critical rainfall conditions, debris flows will break out in Siergou and deposit on the circulation area, forming medium-high risk areas, which seriously threaten the safe operation of the infrastructure in the gully, such as the Lanzhou-Xining high-speed railway and the beltways of the Lanzhou City. When extreme heavy rainfall is encountered, larger-scale debris flows will break out in Siergou. Therefore, further study of the risk of debris flows under extreme weather conditions is necessary to provide a geological basis for debris flow prevention and mitigation in this region.
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Key words:
- geohazard /
- debris flow /
- provenance /
- landslide /
- risk /
- Siergou
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图 2 寺儿沟流域泥石流特征
a—寺儿沟泥石流遥感解译图；b—形成区沟谷形态及岸坡岩性；c—东支沟滑坡群；d—流通区沟道堆积及植被；e—兰西高铁横跨寺儿沟；f—流通区新发黏性泥石流堆积；g—沟口排导槽内植被生长茂盛
Figure 2. Characteristics of the debris flows in the Siergou watershed
(a) Remote sensing interpretation of the debris flows; (b) Gully morphology and bank slope lithology in the formation area; (c) Landslide group along the east sub-branch; (d) Trench accumulation and vegetation in the circulation area; (e) The Lanzhou-Xining high-speed railway spans the Siergou watershed; (f) New accumulation of viscous debris flows in the circulation area; (g) Vegetation flourish in the trench drain channel
图 3 寺儿沟流域形成区下游及流通区沟谷不同位置地质剖面图
a—徐家大山至杏芽台主沟滑坡剖面；b—流通区下游右岸不稳定斜坡
Figure 3. Geological profiles of different locations in the downstream formation area and the circulation area
(a) Slope profile from Xujiadashan to Xingyatai; (b) Unstable slope on the right bank of the downstream circulation area
图 4 寺儿沟流域物源类型及崩滑体分布
a—西固二号隧道危岩体；b—崩塌形成倒石锥；c—滑坡编号；d—流通区沟谷及沟道堆积；e—人为型物源
Figure 4. Source types and distribution of slumped masses in the Siergou watershed
(a) Unstable rock mass over the Xigu No.2 tunnel; (b) Rockfall cone formed by a collapse; (c) Landslide number; (d) Gullies and accumulations in the circulation area; (e) Anthropogenic sources
图 5 寺儿沟流域坡面侵蚀深度分布图
a—地层岩性分布图；b—坡度图；c—坡面侵蚀深度分布图
Figure 5. Maps showing the slope erosion-depth in the Siergou watershed
(a) Lithology map of the strata; (b) Slope steepness map; (c) Slope erosion-depth map
图 6 兰州南部山区地震滑坡分布图(据袁道阳等，2002修改)
Figure 6. Seismic landslide distribution map in the southern mountainous area of Lanzhou (modified from Yuan et al., 2002)
图 7 寺儿沟流域不同类型滑坡残留体物源体积
Figure 7. Volume of landslide residues of different types in the Siergou watershed
图 9 临界降雨条件下寺儿沟泥石流危险性计算结果
a—流速分布图；b—泥深分布图；c—危险性分布图
Figure 9. Risk assessment for the debris flows in Siergou under critical rainfall condition
(a) Velocity profile; (b) Mud-depth profile; (c) Risk profile
表 2 寺儿沟流域物源静储量统计
Table 2. Static reserves of material sources in the Siergou watershed
物源类型 各部分静储量 静储量/×104 m3 坡面侵蚀型 地层岩性 Q3黄土 Q3黄土 Q3黄土 K1砂砾岩 2908.31 可侵蚀深度/m 2 1.5 1 0.5 面积/×104 m2 234.09 1049.04 676.20 380.76 累计最大侵蚀量/×104 m3 468.17 1573.56 676.20 190.38 崩滑型 崩塌体静储量/×104 m3 114.00 3465.84 滑坡体静储量/×104 m3 3351.84 沟道型 沟道面积/m2 堆积厚度/m 静储量/×104 m3 10.97 形成区 32800 3 9.84 流通区 5670 2 1.13 人为型 16×104 m3 16.00 
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表 1 寺儿沟流域崩滑体物源静储量表(表中滑坡编号见图 4c)
Table 1. Static reserves of slumped masses in the Siergou watershed (corresponding landslide numbers are shown in Fig. 4c)
编号 灾害体规模
长×宽×高/m静储量/
×104 m3灾害体类型 编号 灾害体规模
长×宽×高/m静储量/
×104 m3灾害体类型 E-1 450×650×50 487.50 地震滑坡 W-2-1 65×230×20 9.97 降雨滑坡 E-2 360×370×45 199.80 地震滑坡 W-3 422×196×55 151.64 地震滑坡 E-3 400×250×45 150.00 地震滑坡 W-4 352×223×50 130.83 地震滑坡 E-3-1 72×200×30 14.40 降雨滑坡 W-5 65×200×15 6.50 降雨滑坡 E-4 750×640×45 720.00 地震滑坡 W-6 90×90×15 4.05 降雨滑坡 E-4-1 240×140×30 33.60 降雨滑坡 W-7 30×90×15 1.35 降雨滑坡 E-5 550×450×45 371.25 地震滑坡 W-8 120×110×20 8.80 降雨滑坡 E-5-1 59×70×30 4.13 降雨滑坡 W-9 150×170×25 21.25 降雨滑坡 E-5-2 50×96×30 4.80 降雨滑坡 W-10 250×230×25 47.92 降雨滑坡 E-5-3 69×140×30 9.66 降雨滑坡 W-11 200×150×25 25.00 降雨滑坡 E-5-4 40×97×30 3.88 降雨滑坡 W-12 300×230×40 92.00 降雨滑坡 E-6 300×360×30 108.00 地震滑坡 W-13 250×180×40 60.00 降雨滑坡 E-6-1 67×55×20 2.46 降雨滑坡 N-1 300×260×35 91.00 降雨滑坡 E-6-2 104×59×20 4.09 降雨滑坡 N-2 100×270×35 31.50 降雨滑坡 E-7 300×700×40 280.00 地震滑坡 N-3 67×80×30 5.36 降雨滑坡 E-7-1 200×270×25 45.00 降雨滑坡 N-4 60×190×30 11.40 降雨滑坡 E-7-2 120×270×25 27.00 降雨滑坡 N-5 150×70×15 5.25 降雨滑坡 E-7-3 117×114×25 11.12 降雨滑坡 西固二号隧道 100×830×10 83.00 危岩体 E-7-4 80×80×25 5.33 降雨滑坡 西固二号隧道 100×100×60 20.00 崩塌体 W-1 120×300×25 30.00 降雨滑坡 池沟 5×200×100 1.00 危岩体 W-2 400×170×60 136.00 地震滑坡 池沟 50×120×5 10.00 崩塌体 滑坡体总计 3351.84 崩塌危岩体总计 114.00
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