Q estimation of seismic reflection data and its application in oil and gas exploration
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摘要: 油气地震勘探中，地震波在实际介质中传播时会产生明显的吸收衰减现象，导致地震信号中的主频向低频移动，频带宽度变窄，相位发生畸变，制约了地震勘探识别薄层的分辨能力。为了获得更高分辨率的地震成像，文章介绍了一种在地震反射数据成像域进行Q值估计建模的方法与流程，并利用估计出的Q值通过偏移成像对数据进行衰减补偿，实现高分辨率成像。该方法在时间域引入等效Q值的概念，首先在初步黏弹性时间偏移成像域的时窗内，通过数据在时窗内的补偿效果来确定时间域的等效Q值参数，接着通过在深度域层速度上计算成像射线获得时深转换关系，进而对转换到时间域层Q值的等效参数进行时深转换，完成最终深度域Q值建模，最后将该关键参数作为黏弹性叠前深度偏移的输入，进行复杂构造的黏弹性补偿成像。同时使用中国东部某实际地震数据来验证方法的有效性，验证结果表明发展的流程和方法可较好实现深度域负责构造Q值建模和成像域补偿，实现复杂构造高分辨成像。Abstract: In oil and gas seismic exploration, when the seismic wave propagates in the earth medium, it will encounter obvious absorption and attenuation, resulting in the main frequency of the seismic signal shifting to the low-frequency end. The frequency band narrows and the phase is distorted, which restricts the resolution of seismic exploration to identify thin layers. To obtain a seismic image with higher resolution, this paper introduces a method with effective Q estimation in the imaging domain of seismic reflection data and uses the estimated Q-value to compensate for the attenuation effect through migration to achieve high-resolution imaging. This method introduces the concept of effective Q-value into the time domain. In the time window of the initial viscoelastic time migration image, the effective Q parameters in the time domain are determined through the compensation effect of the data in the time window. Then, the time-depth conversion function is obtained by calculating the imaging ray in the layer velocity in the depth domain, and then the time-depth conversion is carried out for the Q parameters converted to the layer Q-value in the time domain. At last, the key parameter is used as the input of viscoelastic prestack depth migration for viscoelastic compensation imaging of complex structures. Finally, this paper uses the real seismic data from eastern China to verify the effectiveness of the method. The final results show that the process and method developed in this paper can better realize the Q-value modeling and imaging domain compensation in the depth domain, and realize the high-resolution imaging of complex structures.
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Key words:
- Viscoelastic media /
- Q /
- Attenuation compensation /
- Time-depth conversion /
- High resolution imaging
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图 1 中国东部某工区经常规处理后的地震炮集数据
Figure 1. Typical shot gathers after conditioning from a survey in Eastern China
图 2 实际数据偏移与Q值建模流程
Figure 2. Schematic chart of data migration and Q model building workflow
图 4 空间位置转换函数X(x0，t0)与Z(x0，t0)
Figure 4. Spatial position transformation matrix X(x0, t0) and Z(x0, t0)
图 5 时间域Q-PSTM剖面上选取Q值过程
F3为反Q滤波截止频率
Figure 5. Effective Q picking on Q-PSTM stack in the time domain
图 6 Q值建模过程中的变化情况
a—时间域等效Q值；b—经过反演得到的时间域层Q值；c—最终转换得到的深度域层Q值与对应的成像射线
Figure 6. Q model building process
(a) Effective Q in the time domain; (b) Inverted time interval Q value; (c) Final depth interval Q field and image ray
图 9 未补偿吸收衰减与补偿后的成像结果对比
a—常规深度偏移结果；b—Q深度偏移结果
Figure 9. Result comparison in detail with and without Q compensation
(a) Normal prestack depth migration result; (b) Q prestack depth migration result
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