A preliminary exploration of Extremal-Entropy Mineralization Theory for Jiaodong gold deposits: proposal of two metallogenic end members and thermodynamic constraints on their formation mechanisms

DING Zhengjiang; XIN Wei; SUN Fengyue; QIU Kunfeng; BO Junwei; ZHANG Qibin; WANG Bin; ZHANG Jing; DENG Jun

doi:10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2026094

Volume 32 Issue 5

Oct. 2026

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Article Navigation > Journal of Geomechanics > 2026 > 32(5): 1223-1241

DING Z J，XIN W，SUN F Y，et al.，2026. A preliminary exploration of Extremal-Entropy Mineralization Theory for Jiaodong gold deposits: proposal of two metallogenic end members and thermodynamic constraints on their formation mechanisms[J]. Journal of Geomechanics，32（5）：1223−1241 doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2026094

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A preliminary exploration of Extremal-Entropy Mineralization Theory for Jiaodong gold deposits: proposal of two metallogenic end members and thermodynamic constraints on their formation mechanisms

doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2026094

DING Zhengjiang^{1, 2, 3, 4, 5
,
,},
XIN Wei^{3, 4, 6
,},
SUN Fengyue^{1, 3, 4, 5
,},
QIU Kunfeng^{3, 4, 5, 7, 8
,},
BO Junwei^{1, 3, 4, 5
,},
ZHANG Qibin^{3, 4, 5, 9
,},
WANG Bin^{3, 4, 5, 7
,},
ZHANG Jing^{3, 4, 7, 8
,},
DENG Jun^{3, 4, 5, 8, 10
,}

1.
College of Earth Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, Jilin, China
2.
Shandong Gold Geological and Mineral Exploration Co., Ltd., Yantai 264000, Shandong, China
3.
Technology Innovation Center for Deep Gold Resources Exploration and Mining, Ministry of Natural Resources, Weihai 264209, Shandong, China
4.
Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Exploration and Evaluation of Deep Resources, Weihai 264209, Shandong, China
5.
No.6 Geological Team, Shandong Provincial Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, Weihai 264209, Shandong, China
6.
College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, Shandong, China
7.
Frontiers Science Center for Deep-time Digital Earth, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
8.
State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
9.
Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
10.
Geology Research Institute of Shandong Gold Group, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China

Funds: This research was financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2023YFC2906900), the General Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41973048 and 42572115), the Key R&D Program of Shandong Province (Major Scientific and Technological Innovation Project) (Grant No. 2023CXGC011001), the Taishan Scholar Program of Shandong Province (Grant No. tstp20240847), and the Science and Technology Support Project of the Ministry of Natural Resources (Grant No. ZKKJ202419).

More Information

Author Bio:
丁正江，矿床学博士，二级研究员，2025年获第十九次李四光地质科学奖野外奖。自然资源部科技领军人才，曾任山东省地矿局总工程师、第六地质大队队长，现任自然资源部深部金矿勘查开采技术中心主任、山东省深部资源勘查评价重点实验室主任，兼任山东省科学技术协会副主席。从事野外地质工作 27 年，先后主持承担国家重点研发计划、国家自然科学基金、山东省重点研发计划等国家/省部级科研项目10项，主持、组织、参与重要地质勘查项目100余项；合作发表论文130篇（SCI 54篇、EI 26篇），出版专著13部（第一作者4部）；获批发明专利13项，参编国标、行标或地方标准7项；获省部级科学技术奖15项（含省科技进步一等奖首位1项)
Received: 2026-07-11
Revised: 2026-09-22
Accepted: 2026-09-29

Available Online: 2026-10-19

Published: 2026-10-28

Abstract

Abstract

Objective Traditionally, the Jiaodong gold deposits are mainly classified into altered-rock type and quartz-vein type. Both types are controlled by a unified geodynamic mechanism, and extensive multi-isotope studies have revealed a broadly homogeneous nature of the ore-forming fluids, with both the ore-forming materials and hydrothermal fluids showing predominantly deep-seated characteristics. However, how a common deep-sourced hydrothermal system evolved to produce two deposits with markedly different geological characteristics remains inadequately understood. Methods We employ thermodynamic modeling to investigate the evolution of ore-forming fluids and the mechanisms of gold precipitation in the two types of gold deposits. Based on the systematic differences in the spatial configuration of ore-forming materials between quartz vein-type and altered-rock-type gold deposits, we propose a “low-entropy–high-entropy” end-member framework: the former is characterized by unloading along preferential fluid pathways and localized concentration of ore-forming materials, whereas the latter is characterized by fluid infiltration through complex fracture networks, extensive fluid–rock interaction, and dispersed distribution of ore-forming materials. This end-member framework provides a geological basis for the thermodynamic modeling, on which two representative metallogenic scenarios—unloading along preferential pathways and widespread fluid infiltration coupled with fluid–rock interaction—are established to compare their effects on mineral assemblages and gold precipitation. Results The simulations show that most pyrite crystallized prior to native gold, consistent with the common occurrence of native gold along intergranular or intragranular fractures in pyrite and its close association with fine-grained pyrite. Extensive pyrite crystallization continuously consumes HS⁻ in the fluid and modifies the stability of Au complexes, while inducing reducing conditions that promote the conversion and precipitation of Au from complexed forms to native gold. Conclusions Pyrite formation and its sustained regulation of fluid chemistry may represent an important mechanism controlling gold unloading and enrichment in the Jiaodong gold deposits. The final localization of ore bodies is controlled by the regulation of fluid flow by fault geometry. Gently dipping segments and composite sites of fault branching become favorable sites for gold precipitation because reduced fluid flow velocity promotes fluid accumulation, while prolonged fluid residence enhances fluid–rock interaction. In contrast, steeply dipping fault segments mainly serve as fluid conduits. Together, these features constitute a spatial differentiation mechanism of “fluid transport–ore-forming material precipitation.” Significance Guided by the end-member metallogenic framework, diagnostic information of the metallogenic end members, including geological, geophysical, and geochemical characteristics, can be extracted to establish an integrated prospecting model for the metallogenic system, thereby potentially advancing metallogenic prediction from qualitative to quantitative approaches.
- Jiaodong gold deposits,
- ore-forming thermodynamic modeling,
- ore localization,
- the Extremal-Entropy Mineralization Theory,
- gold precipitation mechanism

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