How do borehole observations characterize crustal stress?

MA Xiaodong

doi:10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025153

Volume 31 Issue 6

Dec. 2025

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MA X D，2025. How do borehole observations characterize crustal stress?[J]. Journal of Geomechanics，31（6）：1146−1158 doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025153

Citation:

MA X D，2025. How do borehole observations characterize crustal stress?[J]. Journal of Geomechanics，31（6）：1146−1158 doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025153

Citation:

MA X D，2025. How do borehole observations characterize crustal stress?[J]. Journal of Geomechanics，31（6）：1146−1158 doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025153

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How do borehole observations characterize crustal stress?

doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025153

MA Xiaodong

School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China

Funds: This research is financially supported by Deep Earth Probe and Mineral Resources Exploration-National Science and Technology Major Project (Grant No. 2024ZD1000705)

More Information

Received: 2025-10-16
Revised: 2025-11-04
Accepted: 2025-11-17

Available Online: 2025-11-28

Published: 2025-12-28

Abstract

Abstract

Objective Knowing the in-situ stress state is of great importance for understanding a wide range of geomechanical processes in the Earth’s crust, and for addressing many practical problems in the subsurface. The in-situ stress characterization in boreholes through the classic hydraulic fracturing test and borehole failure observation has provided fundamental knowledge of the stress state in the brittle upper crust. Methods Compiling borehole observations and other stress indicators over much larger scales reveals coherent and consistent stress orientations and relative stress magnitudes over appreciable depths and between boreholes at the regional scale. Stress magnitudes determined using the hydraulic fracturing method and borehole failure observation are consistent with the classic Anderson and Coulomb faulting theories, as well as with the empirical Byerlee’s law. This is useful for constraining the in-situ stress state and quantifying fault stability. The general state of frictional equilibrium in the upper crust is present, although stress variations at local scales due to discontinuities, lithology contrasts, rock mass anisotropy and other factors are practically ubiquitous. Results To date, the hydraulic fracturing method and borehole failure observations—and their evolved variants—remain extremely useful. However, given the challenges ahead in subsurface exploration and engineering, it is imperative that we fundamentally revolutionize how we collect, interpret, and share the stress data with innovative developments in crustal stress characterization. Significance In this paper, we also present several ongoing projects that attempt to innovate stress observations at various scales. These attempts build upon the foundation laid by hydraulic fracturing tests and borehole failure observations. At the scale of individual boreholes, deep learning is being employed to automatically identify borehole stress indicators, such as fractures and breakouts, in image logs to increase the efficiency and robustness of stress interpretation. Processed image logs with various characteristics can further improve the applicability of deep learning models. At the scale of borehole arrays in subsurface engineering, the use of multiple boreholes and complementary approaches (hydraulic fracturing tests and borehole failure observations) enables stress characterization at finer spatial scales, which prompts the understanding of stress distribution and engineering practicality. At the scale of ultra-deep boreholes, the identification and classification of uncommon stress indicators, such as natural fractures, are utilized to invert the in-situ stress and crustal rock mass strength. The inversion confirms the frictional equilibrium hypothesis and offers an alternative approach for stress characterization. Conclusion These attempts underscore the importance of moving beyond the paradigm of borehole stress characterization and the interconnectedness between classic theories and novel developments.
- in-situ stress,
- hydraulic fracturing,
- borehole failures,
- natural fractures,
- frictional equilibrium

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