Experimental study on the elastic–plastic deformation and failure behavior of deep shale with well-developed inclined bedding

HUO Tingwang; WANG Daobing; SHENG Mao; DONG Yongcun; WANG Qiuyan; HUANG Weihan; YU Bo

doi:10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025133

Volume 32 Issue 1

Feb. 2026

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Article Navigation > Journal of Geomechanics > 2026 > 32(1): 159-183

HUO T W，WANG D B，SHENG M，et al.，2026. Experimental study on the elastic–plastic deformation and failure behavior of deep shale with well-developed inclined bedding[J]. Journal of Geomechanics，32（1）：159−183 doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025133

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Experimental study on the elastic–plastic deformation and failure behavior of deep shale with well-developed inclined bedding

doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025133

HUO Tingwang^1
,,
WANG Daobing^{1, 2
,
,},
SHENG Mao^{2, 3
,},
DONG Yongcun^4
,,
WANG Qiuyan^5
,,
HUANG Weihan^6
,,
YU Bo^7
,

1.
School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China
2.
State Key Laboratory of Deep Geothermal Resources, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China
3.
State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China
4.
College of Marine Finance and Economics, Qingdao Engineering Vocational College, Qingdao 266112, Shandong, China
5.
No. 3 Oil Production Plant, SINOPEC Northwest Oil Field Company, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, China
6.
China North Artificial Intelligence & Innovation Research Institute (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518132, Guangdong, China
7.
School of Petroleum Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, Hubei, China

Funds: This research was financially supported by the General Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 52474001 and 52274002).

More Information

Received: 2025-09-12
Revised: 2025-10-30
Accepted: 2026-01-20

Available Online: 2026-01-20

Published: 2026-02-27

Abstract

Abstract

Objective Deep shale reservoirs are characterized by high temperature, high pressure, and well-developed bedding structures, which jointly govern the mechanical response of rocks during hydraulic fracturing. Previous studies have primarily focused on the effects of single temperature conditions or the mechanical behavior of bedding under conventional environments. However, systematic understanding of the elastoplastic deformation behavior and anisotropic failure mechanisms of bedded shale under coupled high-temperature and high-confining-pressure conditions remains insufficient, particularly in terms of the quantitative characterization of strength parameter evolution, damage features, and fracture complexity. Methods Therefore, this study employs a high-temperature and high-pressure triaxial rock mechanics testing system to conduct triaxial compression experiments on shale specimens with different bedding orientations. In combination with CT scanning, ultrasonic testing, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques, the internal structural evolution, fracture development, and pore structure variations of the rocks are comprehensively characterized. Meanwhile, the evolution laws of strength parameters are analyzed based on the Mohr–Coulomb, Hoek–Brown, and Drucker–Prager criteria, and the fracture complexity and thermal damage characteristics are quantitatively evaluated using fractal dimension, energy dissipation theory, and damage factor calculations. Results The results indicate that increasing temperature promotes the expansion of bedding structures and induces thermally damaged microcracks. Fracture complexity increases with temperature, accompanied by a pronounced attenuation of wave velocity, while the peak strength and elastic modulus of shale exhibit decreasing trends, demonstrating that thermal stress significantly degrades its mechanical properties. Comprehensive analysis based on the three yield criteria shows that, under high-temperature and high-confining-pressure conditions, shale cohesion gradually decreases whereas the internal friction angle increases, and the failure mode transitions from brittle-dominated behavior to elastoplastic deformation. The coupled effects of temperature and pressure enhance the accumulation of plastic strain prior to failure. Energy analysis and damage factor results further reveal that elevated temperature markedly increases the proportion of dissipated energy and intensifies rock damage, reflecting enhanced microcrack propagation and irreversible deformation processes. Fractal dimension analysis demonstrates that the fracture network becomes progressively more complex with increasing temperature, facilitating the formation and connectivity of multiscale fracture systems. Anisotropy index analysis shows that thermal stress amplifies the anisotropic differences in compressive strength and elastic modulus among shales with different bedding orientations, whereas confining pressure suppresses such directional disparities to some extent by restricting crack opening and bedding-controlled deformation. Together, these factors determine the overall anisotropic mechanical response of deep shale. Conclusions In summary, the combined effects of high temperature and high pressure intensify the elastoplastic deformation and damage evolution of bedded shale. Under such conditions, the failure mode shifts from brittle behavior to plastic-dominated deformation, accompanied by enhanced energy dissipation and damage development. This process promotes the increasing complexity of fracture networks and alters the anisotropic failure patterns governed by bedding structures. [Significance] This study systematically elucidates the mechanisms of elastoplastic deformation and anisotropic failure of bedded shale under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions, providing essential mechanical insights for the stability evaluation of deep shale reservoirs and the optimization of hydraulic fracturing parameters. The findings hold significant scientific relevance and engineering value for the efficient development of deep unconventional oil and gas resources.
- deep shale,
- elastic−plastic behavior,
- energy dissipation,
- damage factor,
- anisotropic characteristics

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