Volume 31 Issue 6
Dec.  2025
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MA J,WANG X C,HE D F,et al.,2025. Numerical simulation of deformation and stress processes in fault–bend folding: Quantitative constraints based on elastoplastic parameter control[J]. Journal of Geomechanics,31(6):1310−1329 doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025093
Citation: MA J,WANG X C,HE D F,et al.,2025. Numerical simulation of deformation and stress processes in fault–bend folding: Quantitative constraints based on elastoplastic parameter control[J]. Journal of Geomechanics,31(6):1310−1329 doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025093

Numerical simulation of deformation and stress processes in fault–bend folding: Quantitative constraints based on elastoplastic parameter control

doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025093
Funds:  This research is financially supported by the Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 42330810).
More Information
  • Received: 2025-07-28
  • Revised: 2025-10-17
  • Accepted: 2025-11-03
  • Available Online: 2025-12-02
  • Published: 2025-12-28
  •   Objective  Fault–bend folds, characteristic structures in fold-and-thrust belts, act as key kinematic units in the analysis of compressional deformation and form structural traps at flat–ramp transitions. This makes them critical targets in the exploration of hydrocarbons in foreland basins.   Methods  Using Suppe’s theoretical model and finite element simulations, we developed a geomechanical model with realistic rock properties. We defined boundary conditions for fold formation and analyzed stress-strain patterns during the evolution of fault–bend folds. We applied the Mohr-Coulomb model to assess six parameters—density (ρ), Young’s modulus (E), Poisson’s ratio (υ), internal friction angle (ϕ), cohesion (c), and dilation angle (ψ)—for identifying dominant controls.   Results  Open boundaries enable the development of fault-bend folds consistent with classical models, whereas fixed boundaries cause marked forelimb tilting and non-classical deformation. Stress-strain partitioning is distinct: Fold limbs and the upper ramp experience compression; the core and upper flat undergo extension. Both axial surfaces show upward-decreasing stress concentrations and plastic strain. The lower axial surface builds the backlimb and initiates shear fracturing; the upper axial surface shapes the anticlinal core and forelimb under tension, developing potential fracture systems. Cohesion (c) and the internal friction angle (ϕ) are key factors governing fold wavelength and forelimb steepness, respectively, with nonlinear threshold behaviors. Young’s modulus and dilation angle have localized, minor influence. Density and Poisson’s ratio show negligible effects.  Conclusion  Fault–bend folding is a progressive deformation process in which strata adjust to adapt to the geometry of pre-existing faults under compressive stress. This results in a kinematic sequence from initial slip and backlimb growth, through fold nucleation and propagation, to final stabilization with complex derived structures. Cohesion and the internal friction angle are the decisive controlling parameters.   Significance  This numerical analysis clarifies the development mechanisms, stress–strain organization, and controlling factors of fault–bend folds, deepening the theoretical understanding of compressional tectonic deformation.

     

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